Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The results of research on main problems of study of sweet cherry varieties are presented in the article. A series of new varieties of sweet cherries according to a modern standard of intensive orchards and allowing to create conveyor of high-quality fruits of different periods of maturation is recommended.
The varieties and clonal rootstocks of Prunus Domestica were studied in the period of growth and the first years of fruiting of trees in the conditions of Krasnodar region. The most early appearance of fruit, productive, poor growth variety-rootstocks combinations are allocated for use in the intensive technologies of cultivation of Prunus Domestica in the North Caucasus.
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
Fruit growing in the KBR, with a variable soil and climate, and relief-altitude conditions is problem, so study of the resource potential of the land for specific fruit crops is actual. On the base of GIS the estimation of the land is given and territory of the fruit placement according to the main ecological requirements of the cultures is determined.
Breeding and production of planting material
Planting of vegetative rootstocks of apple in the dry bulk of the ridge, compared with planting in the furrows, improves soil aeration in zone of root formation that sti-mulates their growth and development, which in turn helps to get of more qualitative seedlings.
The integrated activities to improve the soil environment are developed. It is proved, that their local application in growing of stone fruit planting material improves the development of root system and aerial parts of seedlings.
A mathematical model that enables the calcu-lation of the potential productivity of parent plantations of grapes in the specific growing conditions is elaborated.
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
It is shown that dwarf orchard on the rootstock M9, planted seedlings knip-baum, comes into fructification in the second year, and the apple crop in total for the second and third years reach-es 40-45 t/ha or more, and the costs for planting and care are in the main recovered.
Mineral nutrition of plants
Influence of the higher doses of mineral and organic fertilizers on a mineral nutrition, growth, development and fructification of different varieties of columnar apple tree on the sod-podzolic soils in the central zone of gardening of the Russian Federation is studied.
As a result of study of a nutritious mode of dwarf fructifying plum of Stenley variety the influence of system of application of fertilizers and biologically active substances on productivity of plants in the Krasnodar region conditions is established.
Management of soil fertility
The advantages of using weed plants (grasses of the local flora) for sodding between rows of garden, as compared with the seeded perennial cereal grasses, are revealed. Increase of content of humus and nutrients, the greatest stocks of the microbial pool, high indicators of stability and well-being of the soil community are marked under natural grass.
The analysis of the known methods of the soil maintenance between rows of perennial plantations is given. It is shown that the mulch layer of herbaceous plants weighed down retains moisture in the soil; reduces the energy and labor costs, erosion and soil compaction by machines; provides a natural process of reproduction of soil fertility.
Phytosanitary condition of plants
It is shown, that scientific and practical data of eco-toxicological monitoring allow to analyze and base of the optimal parameters of agrotechnologes of biorelaxation of vineyard technogenic pollution on the basis of restoration of soil homeostasis.
Manage environmental and food safety
Change of cation composition in process of the secondary fermentation of tirage mixture and after tirage extract in the presence of minerals of various deposits is studied. It is established that the dispersed minerals may significantly affect the content of individual cations of metals. Increase of their content as a result of processing of wine by betonite and other minerals may adversely affects on the wine quality.
The change of amino acid composition in the process of fermentation of tirage mixture was studied. A comparative assessment of influence of minerals from various deposits on the intensity of consumption of amino acids in the secondary fermentation is given. It is established that the amino acid composition of cuvee depends from many factors such as the accumulation of yeast biomass, a rate of sugar consumption, oxygen, nutrients of tirage mixture, used minerals and it affects the quality of sparkling wines.
Economy of fruit growing and viticulture
The analysis of long-term tendencies in the development of industrial fruit growing is given and subject orientation of agro-economic research is defined. The role and evolution of methods of economic research and development in forming of pithy aspect of growing fruiting is shown.