Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The fundamental basis for the solving of theoretical and applied problems of breeding is the culture gene pool. Native, age-old varieties of various regions of grapes cultivation, as well as wild forms, is the most valuable part of a world gene pool of culture. Local native varieties represent a great interest for solving of applied problems of breeding and fundamental questions. Just in genotypes of autochthonic varieties of grapes the complexes of traits providing adaptability of plants to specific agriclimatic conditions of cultivation can be revealed. The purpose of this work is studying of genotypes of the South Russian native grapes varieties on the basis of the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. Researches on genotyping of autochthonic grapes varieties of the South of Russia are begun. DNA profiles of 12 native varieties on microsatellite loci of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are received. It is established that each grapes variety has the own unique DNA profile. The varieties with rare alleles are determined by the studied loci in the research group of grapes varieties
Cultivation of callus tissue with the subsequent receiving of regenerants is a new direction in a breeding research. It is necessary to develop the technology of reliable receiving of regenerated plants for successful carrying out of research with use the callus cultures of wild strawberry. This method will open the ways of high effective mass breeding in vitro culture. The works purpose is the development of methodical aspects of increase of regeneration frequency in vitro system and the analysis of variability of plants from callus culture of wild strawberry. The growth regulators of cytokinin, auxin and gibberellic nature are used as inductors of a stem organogenesis. The results of research on regeneration of plants in the callus culture of wild strawberry (callus age is from 30 to 160 days) are given. It is established that the frequency of shoot regeneration was from 6,7 to 64% and depended on present of growth regulators in the medium, their concentration and an initial genotype. Some variants of induction medium on the basis of Murashige-Skoog recipe with an optimum combination of growth regulators are developed. The effective two-stage method of increase of regeneration ability of callus tissue is developed. The analysis of regenerated plants showed the considerable degree of variability of some traits which remained in R1 and R2 vegetative generations. The developed methodical approaches to increase of morphogenetic potential of callus cultures can be used for other varieties relating to a type of F. ananassa Duch. for increase of efficiency and direction of wild strawberry breeding process.
The method of embryo culture has more and more wide application in the interspecific hybridization of fruit plants. For its improvement the hormonal regulation of growth and development of embryos in vitro is researched and the optimal age of embryos injected into culture is defined. The main objective of the presented work is to receive the viable plants from puny seeds and not sprout embryos of hybrids of sweet cherry and cherry in the course of their cultivation in vitro and to allocate the effective growth regulators and to establish the optimal terms of embryos input in the culture. The results of research on cultivation in vitro of sweet cherry and cherry of 16 combinations of crossing are presented. The regenerants of hybrid embryos of cherry and sweet cherry in vitro culture from 16 combinations of crossings are received. For embryos culture of sweet cherry and cherry the best modification of Murashige-Skoog environment with 79 % level of embryos regeneration is allocated. The most effective concentration of gibberellic acid in the environment for cultivation of cherry and sweet cherry is revealed. That is 10 mg of gibberellic acid per 1 liter of the Murashige-Skoog environment, for all that the embryo size should be maximized.
The results of long-term work on breeding and varieties study of apple, pear, sweet cherry, cherry at the Daghestan Selective Experimental Station of Fruit Crops are presented. The research are conducted on the basis of the standard techniques. As a result the donors and the sources of valuable traits that recommended for use in the breeding programs are allocated; 35 new valuable varieties of fruit crops are created. In the Daghestan Republic only on an apple-tree and a pear more than 500 thousand crossings were made, 200 perspective and elite forms of an apple-tree and a pear, 8 an apple-tree varieties and 4 a pear varieties were created as a result. By research it is established that the greatest number of the best hybrid seedlings are formed in those combinations of crossing where a maternal form are the best European and American varieties and a father form are the local varieties of national Daghestan breeding. Some ways of breeding acceleration are successfully applied in a breeding work with an apple-tree. For the first time the genetic analysis of hybrid posterity at on earlier age in the breeding nursery for research of inheritance nature of separate traits and properties is offered. The varieties created at the Dagestan Experimental Station considerably (on 20-25%) surpass the existing zoned varieties of fruit crops on the main economic and biological traits. The allocated genetic sources and donors can be widely used in a breeding work for creation of valuable adaptive varieties of an apple-tree, a pear, sweet cherry and cherry.
The features of perspective apple varieties of various ecological end geographical origin are studied and the best of them are allocated on studied morphological features under the ecological conditions of the Chechen Republic. Taking into account the requirements of intensive gardening the parameters of vegetative organs of apple plants, allowing to estimate the varieties resistance to various mechanical and stressful influences, photosynthetic activity, productivity of crown volume and also to define ecological plasticity of varieties are determined. The studied indicators (the length of interstices, a corner of shoot divergence, quantity of leaves on a shoot) allow to define the degree of growth activity of apple plants, to choose a type of young trees formation and their cutting during full fructification period. Taking into account the specified criterias the apple-tree varieties Red Chiv, Nemora, Kuban Bargiyan, Red Darya are allocated. The established parameters indicate the possibility of use of the allocated varieties for cultivation with use of intensive elements of technology, in particular the flattened types of crown formation of young trees and dense schemes of placement them in a garden, and also for creation of intensive plantings of an apple-tree under soil and climatic conditions of Chechen Republic.
The results of water balance studying of twelve perspective apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under conditions of the Chechen Republic are presented. Water-retaining ability of leaves of different apple varieties for an assessment of their relative drought resistance and allocation steadier ones on this indicators is studied. It is established, that the majority of varieties of the domestic selection (NRRIH&V), created in the region with insufficient moistering and almost annually repeating of a long drought periods, are characterized by low water return of leaves and higher water-retaining ability. It gives the basis to carry them to rather drought-resistant apple varieties. The received results confirm a hypothesis that the apple varieties of local selection, created under the specific ecological conditions, are more resistant to all adverse and stressful factors inherited this zone. In our researches it is established that the studied apple varieties are more drought-resistant. The apple-tree Red Darya, Kuban Bagrian, Persikov, Renet Kuban, Pamyat Esaul and also less drought-resistant varieties Fudzhi, Interprays, Golden Bee, Red Chiv, Prikubanskoye and Renet Simierenko are needed additional watering for getting the big and stable fruits crops under the conditions of irregular rainfall. These varieties are perspective for intensive technologies of cultivation with use of a drop irrigation and they can be included in the assortment for creation of new apple-trees plantings in the Chechen Republic.
The scientifically reasonable application of clonal stocks is one of defining factors of increase of gardening efficiency, giving the possibility of creation of new ecologically safe technologies. Low growing trees are well adapted for intensive growing technologies, they has high productivity and high fruits quality. The purpose of this work is an assessment of cultivation efficiency of variety-rootstocks combinations of Liberty apple-tree on various low growing rootstocks in the intensive plantings under agrical and ecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The results of studying of growth and fructification of Liberty apple-tree clonal rootstocks of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Institute of Horticukture and Viticulture, the Buiynaksk Experimental Station, Donetsk selection, Crimean selection, Ist-Molling Experimental Station and the Don Institute breeding are given. The zoned M9 rootstock is served in a garden as a control. As a result of research the rootstocks for production test in the gardens with dense schemes of landings are allocated, they have fast fruit-bearing, high level of productivity and high quality of fruits. The fastest recoupment of expenditure of Liberty apple-tree cultivation is established on SK-2 rootstock (4,4 years). On total combination of advantages, revealed during research, the conclusion follows that the SK-2 rootstock is more perspective, than M9, for an apple-tree planting with the scheme of trees placement of 51 m under the conditions of Stavropol Region.
The results of scientific research work on varieties studying of a pear in the North Caucasian Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. Data about features of development of new pear varieties are adduced. According to results of research the perspective varieties Velesa, Geya, Bere Krasnokutskaya, Skromnitsa etc. are allocated and they can be recommended for testing under the conditions of the South of Russia in the industrial and farmer production and in the personal subsidiary farms. The obtained results are interested to a preliminary estimate of perspective pear varieties under Krasnodar conditions. The new large-fruited varieties, with high flavoring fruits and commodity advantages, combined with a high agrical technology, can give the fruits yield to 30 t/hectare. It is shown that fruits of some pear varieties can be stored under the suitable conditions during all winter period. They can be cultivated at the lower pesticide loads.
The effectiveness of cherry breeding is largely determined by the presence of the extensive genetic potential of this culture and the correct selection and use of donors and sources of value traits. The main purpose of research is an improvement of assortment of sweet cherry due to creation of new varieties and combining in their genotype the complex of positive traits with a high level of adaptability. The research were carried out on considerable varietal and hybrid materials at the experimental sweet cherrys orchards. Using a wide variety of genetic traits, we have obtained a breeding material, which serves as the basis for allocation of promising new sweet cherries varieties. The regularities of traits inheritance of large fruits and covering color of fruits are defined. The donors and sources of new economic and valuable traits are allocated. Using the donors and sources of valuable features and modern methods of breeding a series of new sweet cherries varieties is created in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These varieties correspond to the modern requirements of intensive gardening and allow to create the conveyor of high-quality fruits of early maturing. The majority of the specified varieties are going to the state test now.
For keeping of quality and increase of adaptability of classical technical grapes varieties under the conditions of high repeatability of low-temperature stresses in the Southern Federal District the method of clonal selection is effective. This method allows to improve the adaptive potential of the introduced varieties for winemaking of high quality. Research objective is selection of the allocated clones of Saperavy grapes with hereditarily fixed traits of high productivity, the quality of wine production, the resistance to frosts, diseases and wreckers. The research were conducted using the agric and biological techniques which are recognized in the world practice and widely used in the grapes breeding. Four protoclones FS 118-4, FS 104-48, FS 8-26, FS 90-5 were allocated on the average weight of bunches and a crop from a bush. Noted protoclones surpassed an average index of productivity on 12-14 %. When air temperature falls in 2012 to -20C the greatest resistance to frosts showed FS 79-12, FS 104-48, FS 83-49, FS 96-39, FS 85-46, FS 104-3 protoclones (by quantity of the blossoming buds). The FS 58-46 protoclone showed the complex resistance to harmful organisms. On a complex of agribiological and adaptive indicators the protoclones of Saperavy grapes 8-26, 83-49, 90-5, 104-3, 146-17, 104-48, 118-4 are perspective for reproduction and wide practical application in the industrial production.
Now in Russia the production of new types of wines is developing, for preparation of them the careful selection of assortment is necessary. Wine produktion has to conform to high requirements and differ consumer properties that in the production of qualitative wines are shown at certain agribiological and economic combinations of variety. Agribiological and economic and valuable features of perspective grapes variety of the technical direction Pamyat Zotkinoy of the Anapas Zonal Experimental station of Viticulture and Winemaking (ZESV&W) selection are shown in the article. The research, directed on definition of indicators of fructification of Pamyat Zotkinoy grapes, were carried out on vineyards of Experimental Industrial Enterprise "Anapa" of the Anapas area at the scheme of plants landing is 2,5×1,5 by m. The organoleptic assessment of the young wine made from grapes was carried out by a tasting method. Data of the conducted research allowed to give to studied variety a total characteristic on indicators of productivity and harvest (6-8 kg from a bush) and sugar capacity (20 g / 100 cm3). The variety has a high tolerance to a phylloxera. It is established that the wine prepared from studied grapes variety has the high organoleptic properties delicate, bright, original flavor, especially in the dessert version, with a tasting assessment 8,9 points. The conclusion follows that the grapes variety Pamyat Zotkinoy of the technical direction, created at the Anapa Experimental Station, is capable to give qualitative raw materials for production of competitive wines.
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The main rootstocks of sweet cherry under conditions of Stavropol Region are seedlings of Antipka. The lacks of this stock are the intense growth and the late introduction in the fructification (for 5-7 year). At the Crymsk Experimental Breeding Station the VSL-2 rootstock is removed which is recommended for middle and southern areas of fruit growing of Russia. This rootstock provides a low growing of trees and the introduction of sweet cherry in fructification for 2-3 year after landing. The work purpose is to estimate the efficiency of use of VSL-2 rootstock for sweet cherry varieties at different methods of grafting under agriecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The work is carrying out by use of programs and techniques of varieties studying of fruit, berry and nut cultures. According to researches of 2008-2013, the Donetsk Ugoliyk sweet cherry on VSL rootstock was allocated on productivity (to 31 kg / from one tree) and on the weight of fruits (9 g). On the ninth year of vegetation the productivity of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety at an early-spring inoculation by 10-15 cm shoot exceeded control (productivity of 6,1 kg / from one tree that is on 9% higher than control). By data for 2005-2009, a tendency to low growing of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety is noted at a summer inoculation on the height of 45 cm. The tendency to intensive growing is noted in control and at an early-spring grafting by shoots of 50-55 cm long. On size of realization profit the Donetsk Ugoliyk and Yaroslavna were allocated from studied varieties of sweet cherry.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The literary review of data on lateral walnut fructification is adduced in the article. The prospects of this trait for use in a breeding programs are shown and the method of an assessment of trait manifestation on the phenotypic level is shown. It is noted that the lateral type of fructification is a leading walnut trait for an assessment of components defining productivity. Using data on quantity of female flowers in the lateral position and percent of the fruits received from them, it is possible to calculate an index of a tree productivity. This index correlates with long-term data on productivity and can be used at an initial assessment of perspective walnut forms. This method is suitable for the search of walnut valuable forms during expeditions. The received values can be interpreted as follows: productivity index of less than 200 low, 201-400 average, 401-500 high, more than 501 very high productivity index. The positive correlation between lateral walnut fructification and low resistance to winter frosts and bacteriosis defeat is established, however intraspecific hybridization allows to neutralize these negative qualities under the conditions of the South of Russia. There is the conclusion that the use of forms with lateral fructification is the extremely perspective direction in the walnut breeding on productivity.
The article provides an information about types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding used in the modern viticulture industry. The area of their use are described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their lacks are noted. A complete description of grapes rootstocks of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Winegrowing and Winemaking breeding (AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6) with highly resistant to leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and number of other diseases of vine, as well as a short vegetation period, low stepson ability and high yield of standard half-meter cuttings per hectare is given. For the study of grapes rootstock varieties the modern research methods are used. Recommendations on zoning of varieties and rootstocks of Anapa Experimental Stations breeding and area of their optimal use are given. It is shown that the correct selections of rootstock can increase the vineyards productivity and improve the quality of grapes berries.