Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Cultivation of popular classical wine grapes cultivars clones adapted to local growing conditions makes the possibility to obtain the traditionally high quality harvest at a lower cost of production. Approximately 60 % of the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are located in the Temryuk area, thus, the conducting of the mass clonal breeding on grapes cultivars in this agricultural region is of particular importance. The highly productive protoclones of cultivar Caberne Sauvignon were allocated in the industrial vineyards using the clonal breeding and DNA-analysis. In this paper we present the results of study of CHK1-10 clone. In average it significantly superior to the original variety control bushes at 73 % by yield, at 15 % on buds safety after overwintering, as well as other traits. The evaluation of vegetative progeny of clones on the clon-test sector also shows the good results. The bushes are aligned by vigor, they characterized by weak fungal diseases, the high yield capacity combined with good wine quality. Currently, along with the ampelographic and biochemical study, DNA analysis became the basis for a reliable identification and for study of grapes genetic polymorphism. Comparative microsatellite analysis of DNA of protoklon plants and typical vines of Cabernet Sauvignon reveals the difference in the sample 1-10. It is planned to transfer of this clone to State variety testing. The combined use of traditional breeding approaches and molecular analysis methods allows to expect the greater efficiency in the identification of grapes clones.

Annotation

Molecular and genetic methods of analysis of genetic polymorphism are highly promising for the evaluation of the diversity of natural populations of rare plant species, including Pancratium maritimum. The works in this direction allow to establish the state of species on the genetic level and to identify the processes of depletion of the gene pool, due to the reduction of the number of species observed in the last decade. The ISSR-markers (inter simple sequence repeat) are widely distributed in the scientific field. The direction of the present study is the selection of effective ISSR markers for genotyping samples Pancratium maritimum cultured in vitro. Pancratium maritimum is a species in a Red book. In the Russia it is only in the Krasnodar Region. Based on the goal of the work the selection of ISSR-markers was carried out to obtain reproducible PCR-fragments. The subsequent determination of the most polymorphic markers from the number selected was conducted further. In the course of the study ISSR-markers UBC818, UBC864, UBC813, UBC825, UBC880, UBC811, UBC827 were tested on 9 samples of Pancratium maritimum. UBC818 and UBC864 markers that showed the clear easily interpretable PCR products were selected. A high level of polymorphism was revealed for marker UBC818 on these samples of Pancratium maritimum. By this marker for used samples of Pancratium maritimum 3 unique fragments were revealed. Selected markers will be further used to estimate the genetic polymorphism of Pancratium maritimum growing on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as to analyze the stability of the genotype in a long-term culture in vitro.

Annotation

The receiving of the big steady apple-tree harvest at the fruit orchards with a high agritechnology and with a strict varieties selection require the correct placement of varieties in a garden area. The careful selection of varieties and their correct placement in the industrial gardens improves the work organization in a garden and promotes of receiving the big harvest of apples. For each main apple variety in the garden it is necessary to select two pollinators. Two pollinators are necessary to guarantee the cross-pollination in the occasion of the one of two pollinators has the periodicity of fructification. The purpose of this work is selection for an apple-tree of the most effective couples: "pollinated variety � variety pollinator" under the conditions of Stavropol Region. In a course of conducted research the terms of blossoming, the compatibility, early fruiting, the productivity and other traits of varieties were considered. The work was carried out using of techniques of fruit varieties study. The combinations of "pollinated variety � a pollinator" were formed on the basis of comparison of terms of blossoming and taking into account the genetic compatibility of varieties. The most varieties in the experience have the highest point of blossoming (5,0 points), the minimum point of blossoming have Kitayka No. 3 and Kitayka Malinovaya (1,0 point). During research of 2011-2013 the apple-tree varieties with restrained growth are allocated; previously the apple-tree varieties lacking in prospect for pollination and perspective for these purposes are defined. In 2013 the Gertrude ��-64-6 apple-tree with productivity 13,1 kg/tree is allocated. Taking into account the average weight of a fruit the apple-trees named Krasnovishnevoye 2-68-10-12 and Chils Krimson ��-63-7-9 (116,6 g and 107,2 g) were allocated among varieties-pollinators.

Annotation

The fruit orchard's areas occupied by an apricot culture in the Stavropol Region are very insignificant. It is noted in the article that the main reason of it is an irregular fructification of an apricot trees because of a short rest period and destruction of floral buds from spring and winter fluctuations of temperature, and also from damage of plants by diseases � clasterosporium and monilia. The problem's solution of increase apricot's area in the region can be provided by the optimal placement of varieties corresponded to the requirements of culture, and also by selection of varieties for landing of gardens, which are more hardy to winter and steady against diseases. The purpose of the presented work is to carry out an economic and biological assessment of apricot varieties on a wild apricot rootstock during 2001-2013 under the conditions of Stavropol Region for allocation varieties for industrial use on totality of valuable signs. Research were conducted on the basis of the Stavropol Experimental Station of Gardening with use of well known techniques of studying of fruit crops varieties. In a course of conducted research and agritechnical calculations it is established that the greatest freezing point of floral and growth buds of studied varieties of apricot trees was 5,0 points in this year. Low temperatures of 2012 winter period led to essential depression of activators of clasterosporium and monilia. As a result of carried out long-term research and assessment of varieties on the main economical valuable signs most the productive apricot varieties with annual fructification are allocated. On the sum of estimating indicators that were defined in the experiment a number of apricot varieties are recommended for industrial use.

Annotation

Now in Russia the overproduction of red wines is noted, so the attempts to reduce the production of red wines towards increase the production of white wines are made. For create of new plantings of white grapes the old assortment is used, but it was strongly damaged in extreme 2005-2006. The purpose of research is study of economic and valuable traits, the technological and other indicators of new white grapes varieties. The integrated assessment of their varieties is given and the most perspective varieties for replenishment of modern assortment are allocated. The results of long-term study of new grapes varieties which is carried out at the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking during the period from 2006 to 2013 are presented in the article. It is established that average productivity of studied new grapes varieties is higher on 39-123 c/hectare, than zoned Aligote variety. During 2011-2013 this difference was 35,1-60,9 c/hectare. A number of perspective white technical grapes are revealed. These varieties have stability to adverse ecological factors of the environment and at the same time they are capable to give the high-quality wines. It is offered to use the technical grapes varieties � Arabushlo, Bakator white, Zolotaya osen, Polyuks in the industrial purposes and in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and quality of wine. Use of these varieties will expand the borders of steady production of grapes in the region. The result of study of new grapes varieties of the technological direction is the quality of created wines: all experimental wine materials received the higher tasting estimates, than the wines made from control varieties.

Annotation

For each administrative territories of the North Caucasus the criterions of the forecast of repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures are developed early. The simplified system of forecasting of fructification regularity of fruit crops in the South of Russia on limiting factors of winter and spring periods with use of graphic and mathematical models is offered. However, the placement of fruit crops in the South of Russia does not always correspond to climatic conditions, first of all � to the winter and spring periods. The purpose of our work is development of meteorological criterions for an assessment of areas of apricot cultivation. Objects of research are meteorological indicators of winter and spring periods in the various administrative regions of the North Caucasus. The research are carried out using a technique of estimation of climatic winter conditions for fruit crops in the Crimea. To resolve the question of fruit crop's placement in the concrete region of the North Caucasus, we defined the repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures. The calculations of their repeatability are presented as nomograms that allow to reveal the structure of average values for the whole entire period of observation. The offered nomograms allow to define the probability of critical minimum temperature in any point of the North Caucasus and to predict a regularity of fruit crop's fruiting according to their overwintering. It is possible to define the probability of fruit crops ruin with use of offered nomograms in any region of the North Caucasus from adverse conditions of winter and spring periods. In this research the probability of ruin of apricot floral buds from sharp temperature fluctuations in January � February under conditions of Krasnodar is calculated and the possible frost resistance of apricot plants in this area is defined.

Annotation

In the last ten years the tendency of reduction of the area of grapes plantings in the Northern Black Sea Coast of Ukraine is observed. One of the reasons of such condition of viticulture is lack of scientific justification at the solution of questions of grapes planting placement. The object of our research is the viticulture and wine-making enterprises of Odessa Region. The expeditionary examinations of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises were conducted. The state of viticulture and wine-making production of Ukraine for the last five years (2009-2013) is also studied using the data of State statistics service. The methods of mathematical statistics are used in the work. The state of grapes plantings of Odessa Region is analysed using the indicators of total plantings area of the agricultural enterprises and total yield capacity and productivity, etc. The sharp reduction of the areas in the Ukraine is shown: the area of plantings of table grapes varieties was reduced by 5 thousand hectares (20%), the area of technical varieties was reduced almost by 100 thousand hectare (50%). The total area of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises for the last five years was reduced in the Ukraine by 16,4 thousand hectares, including the area of the fructifying plantings decreased by 4,0 thousand hectares. The indicator of total yield capacity of the agricultural enterprises in 2013 increased by 74,1 thousand tons in comparison with an indicator of 2009. At all categories of farms the total yield capacity increased by 106,7 thousand tons. Also the productivity of vineyards increases: in 2013 in the agricultural enterprises it was 70,9 c/hectare (17,6 c/hectare more, than in 2009), and in the farms of all categories it increased on 19,8 c/hectare. The best condition of plantings is noted in the farms of Belgorod-Dniester, Bolgradsky and Ismail areas, the share of perspective plantings in these areas reaches 80%.

Annotation

In the South of Russia where conditions for cultivation of stone fruit cultures are most favorable, the areas of their cultivation significantly decreased. The statistics testifies that more than 70% of the population of Russia are tested by avitaminosis, because the own production covers only 25-30% of minimum required amount of fruits. The correct selection of the assortment of nursery planting will promote to considerably increase in production of fruit crops. The work purpose is the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific materials on the problems of state and development of nursery plantings. The results of analysis of the literary review of foreign and domestic authors on a subject of ensuring stability of nursery planting on the example of cultivation of variety-rootstock�s combinations of sweet cherry are presented in the article. It is shown that for successful development of domestic gardening it is necessary to cultivate the varieties corresponded to the modern requirements to quality of their fruits. It is necessary to use the rootstocks which allow to create the dense highly productive plantings giving the possibility to take a care of them without high labor expenses and capable to give a commodity harvest next year after landing. It is shown that now there is not domestic landing material of fruit crops of standard quality and competitive price in industrial volume. It is necessary in Russia to accelerate the creation of nursery plantings of virus-free material by means of biotechnology and to accelerate the production of the varieties and rootstocks demanded in the intensive gardening. It is especially noted that the state and productivity of fruit orchards, and also the structure and the direction of horticulture industry depend on varieties and rootstocks composition and quality of produced saplings.

Annotation

The work purpose is the development of ways of irrigation and care of garden row-spaces that will provide the safety of fruit plantings in the area of insufficient moistening of Stavropol Region, their high efficiency and quality of fruits, the economy of energy expenditure and technological effectiveness, the increase of soil fertility and its biological activity. The objects of researches are the Liberti apple-tree plantings of autumn and winter terms of maturing on of M 4 rootstock, at the scheme of placement of trees is 5�2,5 m. The garden became to bear fruits in 2005 (12,3 t/hectare of harvest). Work is carried out using "The program and a technique of varieties study of fruit, berry and nut cultures". The various ways of a drop irrigation are compared. The analysis of influence of these ways on growth and formation of root system of an apple-tree shows the more powerful (by 2,8 times) development of roots in the matter an intra soil drop irrigation. It allows plants to use the moisture and the nutrients in the bigger soil volume. The potential opportunities of apple-trees to resist the adverse weather factors are increasing. The plants are forming a bigger harvest. In 2013 (3-5 years of vegetation) in the plantings more than 6 thousand tons of fruits 8-50 t/hectare are received in dependence on trees age and variety-rootstock combination. It is established in experiment that the combined drop irrigation is the most economically favorable as it provides an increase of harvest at the corresponding care of a garden, that is paying back all expenses for the device of a drop irrigation in the first or second year of garden fructification. On the basis of results of the conducted research the recommendations to industry are developed and the sequence of measures in the apple-tree plantings is defined.

Annotation

The selection of rootstock for sweet cherry is based on his adaptation to specific soil and climatic and technological conditions of culture. The recommended clonal and seed rootstocks at cultivation of gardens on soils of the Central Caucasus do not fully allow to realize the potential of this culture. Sweet cherry trees must have a strong, deeply penetrating, frost-resistant root system and high stable trunk to winter. The rootstocks from Antipka seedlings the most corresponds to requirements, the roots of Antipka quickly assimilate the large volumes of the soil. The big advantage of Antipka is quite high winter hardiness. Antipka is not only tolerates to low temperatures, but also promotes the increase in winter hardiness of a scion. The purpose of these research was to reveal the influence of grafting height on biological and economic properties of grafted plants of sweet cherry in a garden. The modern methods of field and laboratory research were used in a work. It is established that the increase in grafting height of sweet cherry varieties on Antipka seedlings from 3-5 to 40-60 cm considerably changes their biological and economic properties. This processing method promotes the reduction of trees height by 19 % and the volume of grown � by 50 %. The early maturing of trees, their productivity and frost resistance of trunks are increased. Improvement of fruit quality of sweet cherry is noted. It is shown that the total crop of Golubushka sweet cherry trees landing at the scheme of 5�3 m with variety's grafting at the height of 40-60 cm is 35,2 c/hectare more, than in control variant. It is noted the significant increase in productivity and quality of fruit harvesting on relatively low growing sweet cherry trees grafted on Antipka's trunks. Labor costs for cultivation and harvesting decrease by 35-62%.

Annotation

The purpose of the research was to obtain a preparative form of extractive cell culture "in vitro" of ginseng in the laboratory conditions, as well as in the development of products based on ginseng extracts. In the article the results of own research are used and analytical review of domestic and foreign sources. The work is performed in the laboratory of biotechnology and the center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The object of research and improvement of methods of production of ginseng has been in vitro culture. In the study the biomaterial of ginseng and extract of roots are used. The research techniques are generally accepted. In the article the useful properties of a ginseng and problems of its cultivation in garden culture are given. The actuality of receiving of its biomass in vitro is specified. The structure of a nutrient medium for cultivation of a ginseng's cellular culture is developed: the macro � and microelements according to Murashige and Skoog, sucrose � 30 mg/l, tiamin-chloride � 1 mg/l, mesoinositol � 80 mg/l, kinetin � 1 mg/l, α-��� � 2 mg/l, iron chelate � 10 mg/l, an agar-agar � 7 mg/l. The ginseng�s biomass cultivation cycle is characterized. The flavouring-aromatic addition of "Zhenshenevaya" is made, its organoleptic and physical and chemical features are given. As one of the ginseng preparations, this addition inherits the characteristics of a ginseng. It possesses the toning property and positively influences on person's condition when a hypotonia, an exhaustion, a neurasthenia, the lowered potentiality. It is a fine adaptogen, which increases the organism resistance to diseases and stresses. On the basis of this addition the unique aerated and not aerated soft drinks, low alcohol and hard drinks as, vodka, balms, liquors are developed.

Annotation

The article is devoted to the development of QMS process guidance "Corrective and preventive actions" for the LLC SIE "Mikrovinodelie", which is one from important governing processes of the quality management system. The actuality of the development connects with the need of accelerate development of small-sized high-tech enterprises for processing of agricultural production on the basis of creating for them of a favorable competitive environment. The process of prevention and correction of actions for the release of products conforming to the requirements of national and international standards is the basis of eliminating and preventing of actual or potential inconsistencies in products, processes and documentation and provides the confidence of enterprise in its efficiency and competitiveness. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of process approach to development of quality management system. The process algorithm of "The corrective and preventive actions" is developed and it is based on the prevention of inconsistencies in the quality of wine production and removing of their causes. The order of fulfillment of operations is described, the input and output requirements to the process with links to regulatory documents governing there execution are advanced, the criterions for assessment of quality of the execution of this process and the matrix of distribution of responsibility are elaborated.

Annotation

The purpose of the work is to establish the influence of packing materials on the chemical composition, organoleptic indices and stability of alcohol beverages. The glass bottles, intended for bottling of alcohol beverages, vodka and the wines, that were being stored in the glass bottles, the wines, that were being stored in the "packet in the box" and in the container from the combined materials were the subjects of study. The estimation of the bottle's quality were carried out by use of methods of GOST 2131-2013. The concentration of volatile impurities in the beverages was determined by the method of gas-liquid chromatography (�rystal 2000M) and chromatomass-spectrometry (mass spectrometer of �larus 600T, the USA). The experimental data about the influence of the packing quality on change in color, taste and aroma of alcohol beverages in the process of their storage are adduced. It is shown that the leaching of glass leads to the disturbance of the exterior view of production, its taste and aroma, and formation of dimness. The application of the combined packing metallized materials does not influence on safety of beverages, but it contributes to reduction of their quality and to formation of untypical aromatic compounds. In the aroma and taste of experimental wines the hydrogen sulfide tone, the bitterness and also the unpleasant tones of animal musk are identified. The substances whose presence in the wine lead to the formation of the strongly expressed outside tones are discovered (2-Meth.tetrahyd.thiophen-3-one, 3-(Methylthio)-propyl acetate, 3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol, 4-Oxopentanethioic acid). The substances of 2-Methoxyfuran, 2-Amylfuran, Furfuryl of methyl of ether, 2-Acetylfuran, 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran, 2-Furanmethanol, 3,4-Dimethylfuran-2,5-dione, 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione, 5 (Ethoxymethyl) - 2-furaldehyde, 2,5-Furandicarbaldehyde, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, which are formed as a result of hot bottling and wine contact with container are revealed. The components (Tetramethylthiourea) of the packing material, which passed into wine from the market container in the process of storage are identified for the first time.

Annotation

The work's purpose is scientifically to found a method of control of grapes quality on indicators of hygienic safety, based on ecological systems and toxicological normalization and optimization of vineyards from harmful objects. The research were conducted in the viticulture zones of the South of Kuban (Anapa-Taman) in the industrial plantings of the specialized farms. Objects of research is production of grapes plantings of table and technical varieties. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during the spring and autumn period on the vineyards processed by pesticides. A problem of conducted research is to analyse and establish the main indicators forming the food safety of production. The results of complex ecological and toxicological research in viticulture under condition's of long-term technogenic impact on agric plots are presented. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides, the increase of their concentration in the food (trophic) chains and need of improvement of production for receiving ecologically safe products of grapes and wine is noted. Definition of the toxic remains was carried out by the standard techniques with use of chromatographs � gas "Colour 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and the nuclear absorbing spectrophotometer "Quantum � AFA". It is established that for the period 2009-2013 at pesticidal load on grapes plantings (5,7 kg/hectare of fungicides; 5,3 kg/hectare of insecticides) the chemical's remains, exceeding the admissible norms, were found in the soil to 2,7 maximum concentration limits and in the grapes is to 3,0. In total it was found to 24 names of pesticides, including 10 toxic metabolites not less dangerous, than a preparation itself. By results of research the method of control of grapes quality in the biosystems of ampelocenosis using the indicators of hygienic safety is developed and scientifically reasonable. The main estimated characteristics of an after-effect of applied pesticides are defind and justified: the indicators of residual quantities of soil and season toxicants depending on agric and technical methods of grapes cultivation and their influence on food safety of production.

Annotation

The purpose of research is to develop the new types of products of blackberry and a sea-buckthorn processing of the general and special direction. In the studying there were the fruits of sea-buckthorn and blackberry varieties which have been grown up under the conditions of Krasnodar Region. The analysis of fruits chemical composition showed that each variety of culture have the specific features in accumulation of dry substances, sugars and vitamins. It is established in the experiment that a sea-buckthorn fruits have a rich collection of vitamins: the content of ascorbic acid is 47,5-186,6 mg/100g; β-carotene � 4,6 mg/100g. In a sea-buckthorn fruits 6,8-8,7 mg/100g of vitamin E and 0,3-0,58 mg/100g of PP vitamin are revealed. It is defined that berries of blackberry yield to sea-buckthorn in qualitative composition and in amount of vitamins, but, as comparison with many fruit crops, the blackberry contains the higher amount of vitamin C. It is shown that the fruits of sea-buckthorn and blackberry can be considered as an important type of raw materials for creation of canning production of functional purpose thanks to availability of carbohydrates, vitamins, natural antioxidants, pectin. We developed a new type of canning production of functional purpose as "A sea-buckthorn in syrup" and "Blackberry in syrup". On the basis of complex research the chemical composition is established and the organoleptic assessment of ready products is given. The best combination of raw materials and the type of fruit syrup for the production of canned food, providing the maximum safety of biologically active agents is established in the experimental work. The studied varieties of sea-buckthorn and blackberry, as a result, have entered into group of cultures for creation of new types of canning production with high biochemical parameters.

Annotation

In the article the characteristics of industrial horticulture of Russian Federation is gives. The analysis of the volume of consumption of fruits and berries products and ensuring of consumer demand due to different sources are conducted. The necessity and methods of import substitution of fruits and berries products are justified. Emerging trends of own resources deficit of agricultural commodity producers for the renovation of agricultural plantings are identified, and it is a deterrent to the development and updates the need to increase in public support and differentiation of forms of state regulation. The deficit of financial resources for the implementation of program assignments based on import substitution is identified. The necessity of development of domestic nursery, including for import substitution is justified. The directions to reduce the deficit of resources, reduce the initial costs for creating of agricenosis, through the use of alternative trellis free technologies of industrial are proposed apple-tree cultivation, they provide a differentiated use of wide spectrum of domestic stocks, which offer the several advantages relatively to the most common types of rootstocks-introductions. The comparative economic characteristics of trellis free technologies of industrial apple-tree cultivation in comparison with the previous analogs is gives. The expediency of application of biosystems of plantings protection as direction of resource capacity reducing of process in the industrial horticulture and ensuring of agrical ecosystems is justified. It is established, that the additional annual volume of financial resources for the implementation of program tasks of branch development based on import substitution (increase of planting to 16 thousands of hectares annually) will be an average 8.1 billions rubles, which is 1,9 times less than the costs of imports of fruit products and planting materials. The effects from the development of industrial horticulture with the need to import substitution are calculative justified: the increase of value added is annually by 4,3 billions rubles, the value of tax revenue per year to 256 million rubles average, the creating more than 2000 of new workplaces.

Annotation

Monitoring's data of the consumer's market show the currently increase of public demand for high-quality wines. That is why there was a need to expand the vineyards area with autochthonous varieties. The solution of this problem requires an increase in the production of land materials of these varieties. In a varieties nursery the important part is assigned plantations, where the main economic valuable products are the annual shoots, which serve as the initial material in the production of grapes sapling. The purpose of our research was to develop a mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants that will alow their biological potential as much as possible. The research were carried out in 2012-2013 at the nursery planting of autochthonous varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. In the course of research a mathematical model that allows to calculate the potential productivity of nursery under the specific conditions of growing is carried out. The formula for calculation of cutting's output from grapes nursery is given, as well as the formula for calculation of number of standard cuttings, which can be obtained from one shoot. In accordance with the developed mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants the efficiency of the proposed method was determined at the plantations of grapes varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. By comparison the calculated and actual data on the yield of cuttings the similar results are obtained. It is concluded that the proposed mathematical model takes into account the biological potential of nursery vines and it allows to calculate the possible output of standard cuttings with a sufficiently high level of accuracy. The proposed method gives a possibility to cultivate the shoots purposeful on uterine bushes of grapes with consideration to their biological potential.