Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The results of the effectiveness evaluation of the breeding process on the combination of traits complex in the hybrid posterity of gooseberries from 17 combinations of crosses are given in the article. The research is conducted at the breeding plots of Berry crops department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Institute of Fruit growing". The hybrid fund of 1990-91 crossing, including 665 plants from 17 combinations of intervarietal crossing is estimated. As a source of parental forms the Yarowoy, Afrikanets, Masheka gooseberry etc was taken. The nature of inheritance of two, three or more economically useful traits is studied. By results of research of 665 hybrids the 7 plants are selected, that plants combine the traits of high resistance to sphaeroteca and high productivity with big berries of sweet taste; one plant with the combination of all these traits and high height of bush is selected. To create of gooseberry varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, 19 plants with the highest traits of resistance, productivity and bush's height are selected. Inclusion in the hybridization of two types of derivatives, as Ribes hirtellum and Ribes reclinatum, promotes to receiving of hybrids with 6 studied traits. The varieties and hybrids of gooseberry, derived from two kinds - R. succirubrum and R. reclinatum, Combinations of crossing with the combination of the genetic basis of the three species -R. robusta, R. succirubrum, R. reclinatum and R. robusta, R. hirtellum, R. reclinatum promote to high yield of hybrids suitable for mechanized harvesting. Thus, not all combinations of crossing, selected as prospective combinations in the analysis process of inheritance of individual traits, provided the high production of hybrids with the complex of traits and vice versa. The hibrid's gooseberry families of Belaruskiy Sacharny × Krasnoslavyanskiy, Belaruskiy Krasny × Joselin, 10-45 D × 15-13-10-52u and 10-52D × Yarovoy have the high breeding value.
One of the most important scientific problems in the genetics of cultivated plants is study and conservation of genetic diversity. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grapes gene pool. Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the gene pool of grapes at the present time. Genotyping of the 14 Dagestan autochthonous grapes cultivars has done in our research: Asyl Kara, Bayat Kapy, Gimra, Gulaby Daghestanskiy, Joonga, Dubut, Mola Huseyn Tsibil, Rish Baba, Sarah, Tavlinskiy Pozdniy, Hatal Baar, Hop Halat, Khotsa Tsibil, Shavrany. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. Above-noted SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera genotyping. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on an automated genetic analyzer that provides data, corresponding to the modern world requirements for genotype identification. Using of multiplex PCR was tested in our work. Multiplex kits allow to optimize the time spending on analysis of DNA, as well as significantly reduce implementation costs. VVMD27 locus showed the highest polymorphism in the study of this group of Daghestan cultivars: 9 alleles per locus are identified; locus VrZAG62 showed the smallest polymorphism 5 alleles / locus. The cultivars of grapes with uncommon alleles at the studied loci were determined in the analyzed varieties group. The information of number of microsatellite markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 for fingerprinting of analyzed samples of grapes cultivars is shown.
Genetic collections of fruit crops are the basis for the breeding work: the creation of new varieties, the selection and retention of donors and sources of valuable genetic traits, the enhancing of regional industrial assortment by new varieties of domestic breeding. There is a collection of stone fruit crops with 331 varieties, as well as more than 2300 hybrids, on the base of the of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. In this article the role of genetic collections of stone fruit crops in the creation of new generation of varieties with specified valuable and productive properties is noted. The important role of genetic collection for forming of modern regional assortment of fruit crops for creating of industrial orchards under conditions of Southern Russia is shown. During research process the donors and sources of commercially valuable and breeding important traits for different stone fruit crops are selected in the work. The selected donors and sources are recommended for use in the different breeding programs and they reduce the stages of variety creating to a great extent. As a result of long-term research 15 varieties of sweet cherry, cherry, and plum of NRRIH&V breeding were passed into the State Register of breeding achievement. 29 varieties of these crops were passed in the State variety's study. 4 patents for sweet cherry varieties and 1 patent for cherry variety and 3 patents for plum varieties took out. The new varieties selected by research increase zoned and perspective assortment of stone fruit crops of domestic breeding and allow to create the adaptive and steady fruit-bearing planting of stone fruit crops under the conditions of Krasnodar Region.
The results of breeding of plum domestic in the South of Russian Federation are presented in this article. Objects of research are the 7 plum varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture growing on the base of Experimental and Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). The modern programs and techniques of breeding and variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops are used in the article. It is shown, that not all of zoned plum varieties fully answer ecological conditions of various zones of cultivation and the modern requirements of steady increase in planting's productivity and economic efficiency of fruit production. Using a wide diversity of genetic traits in the NCRRIH&V collection, the new plum varieties were obtained. These varieties are a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this culture in the South of Russia and for the further breeding work. It is noted that the created plum varieties of local breeding Prikubanskaya, Krasnodarskaya, Milena, Podruga, Gertsog, Krasotka, Charodeyka surpass the introduced and a number of standard varieties on the following traits: adaptability (drought resistance, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), efficiency (fast fruit bearing, introduction of trees to fructification, productivity), quality of fruits (the weight and the size of a fruit, biochemical structure, a tasting assessment). In the presented article the total characteristic is given to the new plum varieties of domestic selection, which transferred to the State test and included in the State register of breeding achievements allowed for a wide industrial use under the conditions of the North Caucasus. 3 patents for plum varieties (Gertsog, Podruga, Milena, Krasotka) are the result of the conducted breeding research.
The main purpose of sweet cherry breeding is the creation of highly productive varieties with high ecological adaptability and high quality of fruits of universal direction. The results of long-term work on sweet cherry breeding in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. A wide diversity of genetic traits at a collection of fruit crops of NRRIH&V are used in the study. The breeding material that serves as the basis for creation of new varieties is obtained. The priority direction for breeding research are shown: breeding on winter hardiness, resistance to fungal diseases, early and late ripening time, improvement of fruit quality, biological productivity, etc. The regularities of formation of the modern sweet cherry assortment for industrial gardening in the Southern Russia are established. The incompatible combinations of crossings, the use of which reduces the efficiency of breeding, are revealed. At the Institute a series of sweet cherry varieties is created, these varieties meet the requirements of modern gardening, as the resistant to adverse environmental factors, the high yield and fruit quality, the restraint of tree growth. The new varieties, as Mak and Dar Izobiliya, are the positive example of use of sweet cherry varieties of various ecological origin in the hybridization. The first large-fruited varieties are received: Scarlet, Mak, Yuzhnaya, Utro Kuban, Madonna, Cherniy Glaza (mass of a fruit of 8-10 g). 12 the best varieties of sweet cherry are included in the State Register of selection achievements for a wide industrial use in a zone of the North Caucasus. It is noted that in the Krasnodar Region there are the big reserves for improvement and replenishment of standard assortment of sweet cherry by local varieties, well adapted under cultivation's conditions and have had the fruits of high gustatory quality.
The work purpose is estimation of adaptation and productional potential of new and perspective apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin for formation of new regional assortment of the Chechen Republic. Objects of research were apple varieties of NRRIH&V breeding and the introduced varieties. The assessment of varieties is carried out according to programs and techniques of selection and variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops. The economic efficiency was counted on the basis of the actual expenses and profit from realization of fruits according to V.R. Boev's technique. The assessment of fast fruit bearing of apple-tree varieties of different origin on rootstock of MM-106 under the conditions of the Grozny area of the Chechen Republic showed that all varieties are fast fruit bearing. On the mass of a fruit the studied varieties are divided into two groups: with an average size (111-150 g) of a fruit and the size of a fruit above an average (151-200 g). All studied apple-tree varieties fructified annually, only the decrease in productivity is noted in the years with adverse conditions. The index of periodicity of fruit bearing depending on a variety varied from 50,7 to 88,7. On productivity for years of research Prikubanskoye, Kubanskoye Bagryanoye, Golden Bee, Red Chif, Fudzhi and Interpraise are selected. The assessment of fruits quality was carried out on biochemical composition. The varieties of domestic breeding as Kubanskoye, Kubanskoye Bagryanoye and the introduced Golden Bee have a high content of vitamin C. Prikubanskoye, Pamyat Esauly and Kubanskoye Bagryanoye varieties have the high content of vitamin P. The assessment of economic efficiency showed that profitability of apple trees cultivation of different varieties varied from 44,1% (Pamyat Esauly) to 68,5% (Interprise) and averaged 57,3%.
The assortment of pear varieties which are grown up in the South of Russia does not fully meets to requirements of intensive gardening, that is why the low productivity of long-term pear plantings is observed. The low resistance of many varieties to a complex of adverse factors of environment and discrepancy of biological features of varieties to cultivation conditions are the main reasons for it. The results of work on study of pear varieties in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. The purpose of research is the study of pear collection for elucidation of influence of growth conditions on the studied pear varieties and selection of the valuable genotypes. capable to adapt under these conditions and to conform to modern requirements of fruit growing. The field methods are used in a work. The research were conducted according to programs and techniques both well-known and again developed and modified. In the study there were 60 of pear varieties of various maturing terms from different places of growth and having a wide area of spreading. Data about features and damage rate of pear generative organs by spring frosts are adduced. The damage of generative organs of all studied varieties, irrespective of development degree of a flower, was noted. The degree of frost damage of flowers fluctuated from 10 to 92,3 % depending on type of variety. There are selected the pear varieties with low resistance to spring frosts: Vega, Aleksandra, Caucasus, Roksolana, Yuzhanka, Samarkandskaya Zimnya. As a result of research the varieties with late blossoming and with resistance of flowers to returnable frosts are selected: Lyuberskaya, Osnovyanskaya, Originalnaea, Koketka, Abbat Fetel. The pear varieties with good prospect are recommended for use in the industrial production under the conditions of the South of Russia.
The objects of our research were 23 new best varieties of strawberry of domestic and foreign selection. The strawberry is the least winter-hardy from all cultivated crops. Short-term fall of the temperature in the rooting zone (up to -80C) leads to severe damage of the plants. The work purpose is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of strawberry for winter hardiness and to select highly productive and adaptive varieties to form the optimal assortment for middle zone of the Russian Federation. All accounting were conducted according to the "Program and method of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut crops", on the basis of the collection fund of the State Scientific rganization All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named I.V. Michurin. Field accounting of freezing of strawberry plants was carried out before flowering. The degree of plants freezing varied from 1 to 4 points depending on the genotype. The available damage has negatively impacted on the laying of morphostructural components of productivity. As a result of conducted research the high winter stability and winter stability strawberry varieties were selected from number of studied varieties. The significant freezing (4 points) was observed at Corrado and Lord strawberry varieties. The carried out assessment of the general condition of the strawberry plants in the spring and autumn showed that adverse weather conditions affected the laying of the generative buds. The excellent condition of plants is noted at Bereginya, Maryshka, Solovushka strawberry varieties, 10 varieties showed a good condition, the wear condition is noted at Zenga Zengana (control), Roxana, Corrado, Lord. As a result of integrated assessment of winter-hardy strawberry varieties the high-yielding varieties with high adaptive abilities were selected: Bereginya, Maryshka, Solovushka are for amateur gardening; Polka and Honey are for technological variety's study.
One of the main methods of expansion of garden crops assortment is the introduction. For the Tambov Region the cornelian cherry is unconventional garden culture. The most significant economic and valuable trait of introduced plants is productivity. That is why the evaluation of potential productivity and features of interaction "genotype environment" is the most interesting direction of research when the crops and varieties are transferred in the new environmental conditions. A main purpose of this work is the evaluation of the morphological components of productivity of introduced cornelian cherry varieties under the changing environmental conditions of the Tambov Region. 10 introduced cornelian cherry varieties on the base of a cornelian cherry collection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named I.V. Michurin were studied for 2012-2013. Study of productivity components was carried out according to the program and technique of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops. As a result of the conducted research the high potential of productivity of the studied cornelian cherry varieties in the process of introduction to the Tambov region is established. The range of potential productivity from 1 m of the fructifying wood was from 817,4 to 3170,5 g. Maximum of potential productivity was established for Volgogradskiy Grushevidny. This variety is the most large-fruited also. The average percent of the formed fruits at the studied cornelian cherry varieties is 6,6 % for the period of research. The greatest percent of the formed fruits is noted at varieties of Nakhodka (11,8) and Volgogradskiy (11,0%), the average mass of a fruit is 2,56 g. For the studied period the average productivity of cornelian cherry varieties is 5,1 kg. from a tree. Nakhodka, Nikolka 2 and MOVIR varieties are showed the maximum of economic efficiency in the process of introduction in the Central Chernozyom Region.
Breeding and production of planting material
Clonall micro reproduction is widely used in the breeding of fruit and berry crops for reproduction of a small number of genotypes and for a fast receiving a large amount of virus-free material. The object of research is the strawberry apexes from 1 to 3 mm in size and the meristems (0,3 mm) of Klery, Asia, Alba and Marmolada varieties. The influence of some factors of strawberry cultivation at a stage of explants introduction in vitro is revealed in the article. As a result of the carried out research it is established that input in vitro of apexes of 3 mm in size, with the subsequent exarticulation from them of meristems of 0,3 mm in size, increases of explants survival (meristems of 0,3 mm) more than twice (from 25% to 59% on average). It is shown that the efficiency of clonal strawberry micro reproduction is increased on the nutrient mediums containing a complex 6-BAS with IAA in the ratio 1:0,1. This medium provides the high coefficient of reproduction together with high quality of regenerated micro shoots. It is also established that the structure of medium with complex of 6-BAS and detiobiotine causes more intensive growth of shoots and activates of chlorophyll synthesis. The darkening of explants for 8 days at the 1 st passage leads to increase in coefficient of reproduction of Asia strawberry explants from 22,6 to 64,3 at the medium containing 6-BAS without IAA and to increase in coefficient of reproduction from 9,4 to 16,0 of Alba strawberry. In addition in the medium of 0,1 mg/l of IAA the coefficient of reproduction increases from 33,2 to 40,0 at Asia strawberry and from 12,6 to 16,4 at Alba strawberry.
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
In the Southern region of Russia the degree of drought resistance of apple varieties has a great importance as the majority of them are cultivated in the irrigation free conditions. The work purpose is to study the water mode of apple varieties of various ploidy for identification of the most adapted varieties to abiotic factors of the summer period. The integrated approach on the basis of physiological, biochemical and anatomical-morphological analysis of leaves tissue of an apple-tree is applied to identification of adaptable mechanisms of stability. The comparative data about structure of a leaf sheet characterizing the physiological condition of plants during the summer period of 2011-2013 are received. The modern physiological and biochemical methods of research and also methods of light microscopy are used. The triploidy apple-tree varieties as Soyus and Rodnichok have the raised maintenance of the connected form of water, proline and potassium cations. It allows plants to support the rather high level of physiological processes during the summer period. It is established by the conducted research that triploidy apple varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok possess the best ability to adapt for a drought, than diploidic Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mak, Deyton varieties. On the basis of the data obtained in the years of different weather conditions it is revealed that the three ploidy apple-tree varieties of Soyus and Rodnichok have the cseromorfy traits of a leaf connected with drought resistance. It is possible to claim that triploidy apple-tree varieties of domestic breeding possess a big reserve of potential opportunities to adapt for a drought and a heat in comparison with the introduced diploidic varieties of foreign breeding. Local apple varieties, and three ploidy varieties more than diploidy varieties, possess the bigger ecological plasticity, that allow them to adapt better to extreme factors of the environment on the basis of physiological reactions changing.
Quality Management
In the North Caucasus Region the currant red was not widespread in the industry. One of the reasons is lack of varieties with high productivity and commodity quality of berries. The article presents the results of two-year evaluation of 20 red currant's varieties from collection of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture that have the different ecological and geographical nature. The traits that characterize the commercial quality of berries are researched. It is researched the bunch length, the number of berries per bunch and the average weight of berries. The purpose of research is to identify the red currant varieties, having the high commodity properties of berries cultivated under conditions of Krasnodar Region. The well known in the Russian Federation method of study of fruits, berries and walnut cultures is used in the article. Conducted studies have shown that Detvan, Tatran, Podarok Leta, Dar Orla, Ogonyok varieties have the long bunch (10,1-12,0 cm). The largest number of berries per bunch have Podarok Leta, Ogonyok varieties (more than 20 berries). Large size of berries (0,66-0,85 g) have Detvan, Tatran, Asya, Gollandskaya Rozovaya. Conducted clustering on discounted biometrical traits allows to combine the studied varieties of red current's in the groups with the highest and lowest values of traits. As a result the conclusion is made that the good prospects to industrial and amateur gardening of Krasnodar Region have red currat's varieties of Tatran, Detvan, Asya, Podarok Leta, Ogonyok, Dar Orla. These varieties most closely corresponded to requirements of the market commodity quality of currant red berries.
Decorative shapes of garden rocks and grapes in the landscape construction
Species, varieties and forms of plants, used in the gardening, have to combine in the genotype the high decorativeness and adaptability. Currently, in the South of Russia there is a deficit of wood-shrubby species, blossoming in the second half of the growing season under the dry hot conditions of summer and autumn, so the Syrian Hibiscus represents the considerable interest. The purpose of our research is to develop the scientifically grounded assortment of Hibiscus Syrian for landscape construction in the southern regions of Russia. The object of the research is the plants of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian of different ecological and geographical origin, the plants of local population of seed origin and the selections of promising hybrids. Research methods used in the work are the introduction, route inspections and the comparative evaluation of varieties. The short results of introduction of some varieties of Hibiscus Syrian are given in this article. It is noted that the best adaptability have the next varieties: cv. Speciosus, cv. Carneus Plenus, cv. Rassian Violet, cv. Hamabo. These varieties have a drought resistant and high decorativeness, but their winter hardiness is lowered. According to the results of the study of 2008-2013, the five hybrids were selected: T-21-12, T-18, T-11-7-11, T-16-11, K-26-12. Short description of the selected forms of Hibiscus Syrian is given. It is noted that these hybrids combine in the genotype the valuable decorative characteristics and the high resistance to abiotic stress factors, typical to the southern regions of Russia. The hybrids selected in the research work are transferred to experimental farm for further reproduction. Promising forms of Hibiscus Syrian will supplement the assortment of introduced varieties and will allow to create a landscape compositions, examined in the gardening, and a long conveyor of continuous blossoming since the end of June to the middle of October.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
In the article the data on the influence of rootstocks cherry seedlings and VSL-2 on height, trunk's diameter, size of one-year shoots and the number of annual branches of sweet cherry scion-rootstock combinations of E.M. Alekhina breeding (NRRIH&V) in a young garden without irrigation are considered. The data of output of sapling under conditions of low humidity and high summer temperatures are analyzed. In the study the "Program and methodology of varieties study of the fruit, berry and nut crops" have used. The comparison of rooted plants of sweet cherry on different rootstocks is conducted. It is revealed that in the first years of the research the survival of sampling on VSL-2 rootstock is much higher (on average 29%) of that indexes in the almost all combinations. The greatest growth in a young garden have Alaya, Mak, Uyshnaya on seedlings of sweet cherry, and Volshebnitsa on the VSL-2 rootstock. It is noted that all studied combinations (except Alaya) have the height, trunk diameter, number of branches and the amount of annual shoots of the plants on the VSL-2 rootstock significantly greater than that indexes on the sweet cherry rootstock. Analysis of variance of data showed that the share of influence of the factor "genotype of rootstock" on the height of plant cherry is 30,27 %, on the diameter of the trunk 22,05 %. It is shown that in the early years of plants development without watering the influence of rootstock genotype stronger than the influence of scion genotype (39,63 to 80,60 %). The influence of the scion genotype was observed only on the number of annual branches (6,45%). Two-factor analysis of variance also revealed the combined effect of the factors "genotype of the rootstock" and "scion genotype" on the variability of the studied parameters (0,22-1,54 %) in the early stages of research in a young garden.
Fruit wine drinks, received from wild-growing and cultural plants are just as good as grapes wines on content of vitamins, micro elements and on physiological impact on a human organism. Fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants are suitable for all types of processing. In the article the results of research of fruits and berries of wild-growing plants (actinidia arguta, dog-rose) and cultural plants (blackcurrant, raspberry) are presented. The studied fruits and berries were picked during the several seasons (2010-2012) in the South of Primorskiy Kray of the Far East region of Russia. The purpose of the performed work is to base the possibility of use of fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants as a raw material for preparation of wine drinks. Physical and chemical and biochemical indicators and indicators of safety (the maintenance of toxic elements) of the studied raw materials were researched by the standard methods in the wine-making. It is known that the chemical composition of fruits and berries juice characterizes a nutrition value of product. It is established that the corresponding correction of juice of the studied fruits and berries, according to the indicators of mass concentration of sugars and titrate acids, gives the possibility of their use in the technology of fruit wine materials. The maintenance of toxic elements in the fruits and in the berries didn't exceed the admissible values established by TR TS 021/2011. It is shown that studied wild-growing (actinidia, dog-rose) and cultural (currant, raspberry) fruits and berries have an abnormally high content of biologically active substances, the original flavoring and other advantages that confirm the possibility of their use as the raw materials for wine-making.