Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The prospects of a biological intensification of apple gardens is connected mainly with relevance of further improvement of apple assortment. Primary necessary qualities are the moderate growth, the early introduction of trees in the stable fructification with the high quality of fruits. It is specified that the successful cultivation of an apple-tree requires the further development of scientific research on creation of new varieties with high degree of adaptation to growth conditions capable to realize fully the biological potential of efficiency under the extreme conditions of the South of Russia. It serves as the purpose of our work. On the basis of long-term developments in the NCRRIH&V the mutational genetic collection of an apple-tree with a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative traits in one genome is created. The collection includes the donors and sources of single and complex valuable traits of clonal origin. It is noted that the greatest practical interest in posterity of hybrids have the low growing seedlings with healthy appearance, and a good foliage, compact crown, large fruits and early enter a fructification time. The results of study of new apple-tree clones of NCRRIH&V breeding are given in the article. These varieties are perspective for use in the breeding and technological programs of creation of high-quality adaptive apple-tree clones for intensive gardens in the Southern Region of gardening. The new clone of "Yubiley University" is allocated, it is promising for production testing in the superintensive gardens of the North Caucasus. Clonal variability of this variety remains in the 7th vegetative generations. As a result of the carried out research the genetic collection of mutational and clonal breeding of an apple-tree is remained and replenished.

Annotation

The results of inheritance analysis of horizontal resistance to scab of 6508 apple-tree hybrids, 96 combinations are given in 9 crossing groups after artificial infection in an open ground under the conditions of low hills of Altai. A high norm of hybrid seedlings reaction to infection similar to reaction of super-sensitivity of immune forms is revealed. It is established that the part of hybrids, high-resistant and resistant to scab, in the groups with resistant and average-resistant initial forms, as well as in the combinations of susceptible maternal initial form and a cultivar of Mutsu (3x) makes up from 63 to 88%. On the basis of the hybrid-logical analysis it is established that sources of horizontal (polygenic) resistance are the maternal initial forms of Malus baccata 1/1, Malus baccata 23/2 forms, the Altayskiy Golubok, Altayskoe Bagryanoe, Gorno-Altayskoe, Zolotaya Tayga, Nezhnoe Zabaikalyskoe, Pepinka Altayskaya, Ranetka purpurovaya, Ranetka Yermolaeva, Souvenir of Altaya, Tolynay. So-81-907, 18-9, 32-26 and paternal - Aromatnoe, Aport ASS, Belarusskiy Sinap, Bayana, Voskhod, Zharkyn, Naslednitsa Yuga, Pamyat Esauly, Feya, Gala, Golden B, Mutsu (3x), 25-37-45 (4x), McIntosh (4x). Proceeding from the results of field supervision it is established that the hybrids which are selected for breeding garden for further studying after an artificial infectious background keep the high resistance to scab. In the 18th crossing combinations from 27 the degree of affection by a scab under the field conditions is lower on 0,1-1,4 scores, than on an artificial background, in 2 remained at the level of an artificial background, in the 7th extent of affection higher on 0,1-0,7 scores.

Annotation

The article summarizes the current data as regards the actual problem - molecular-genetic control of ethylene biosynthesis in apple, directly affects the fruit quality and storability. Solution of this problem is not possible without an exact understanding of the ethylene synthesis mechanisms, reception and transmission of ethylene signal, biochemical pathways controlling the level of ethylene synthesis. Searching for actual and complex information complicated by the large number of foreign articles, considering only partial steps, regulating the level of ethylene biosynthesis. It is clear that the multiple genes has contribution to such traits, as fruit structure and storability, so the aim of this work was generalization of currently available information on ethylene biosynthesis and control. The article reviews the ethylene reception inhibitors (1 - M�P and AVG), the ethylene biosynthesis pathways are considered (system 1 and 2) and the key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis (ACC synthase and ACS oxidase), and genes encoding these enzymes - Md-ACS1, Md-ACS2, Md-ACS3, Md-ACS5A and MdACS5B - for ACC-synthase and Md-ACO1, Md-ACO2, Md-ACO3 and Md-ACO4 - for ACC-oxidase. Ethylene signal cascading the transmission mechanisms, which include the receptors of ETR, ERS, RAN, CTR, EIN, EIN, EILs and ERF, and their molecular genetic control are reviewed. In addition, the article provides the information about genes of fruit structure, unrelated with ethylene - Md-Cel1, Md-PG1, Md-PG2 and Md-Exp7. The problems of QTL mapping, controlling fruit quality, namely related to ethylene biosynthesis are presented.

Annotation

The article presents the priority directions of breeding of seed's fruit crops for gardening of South Ural: the winter hardiness, drought resistance, productivity, low growing and quality of fruits. It is noted that in the practical breeding the introduction in production of new varieties of domestic and foreign breeding is important. The gene pool of seed's fruit crops in the collection of the Orenburg experimental station of gardening and wine growing is presented by 379 variety samples: apple-trees - 161; pear-trees - 77; clonal apple-tree rootstocks - 146. It is shown that the use of this genetic fund gives the great opportunities for creation and allocation of new varieties and formation of steady assortment meeting the requirements of modern gardening. By the results of scientific research 13 varieties of seed's fruit crops included in the State register of breeding achievements. 4 varieties of the Orenburg experimental station breeding are transferred to the State variety study. On the basis of studying of genetic collection of an apple-tree, a pear-tree, apple-tree clonal rootstocks and allocation of donors and sources of valuable signs a number of the varieties and perspective hybrids are created with adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits for further improvement of the existing assortment of seed's fruit crops. The further priority directions of breeding work on seed's fruit crops under the conditions of the changing climate are defined: the resistance to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of cultivation, productivity, fast fructification he solution of objectives is possible by involvement in the crossings of donors and sources of the valuable signs of both domestic and foreign breeding, allocated as a result of variety study and detection of regularities of inheritance of important signs.

Annotation

The work with a collection provides the creation of a cherry gene pool, allocation of the varieties-standards, the sources and donors of valuable economic and biological signs for further use in the breeding and replenishment of information database, the preparation of materials for registration of a gene pool samples. In the article the results of study in 2004 - 2014 of a gene fund's collection of cherry and dukes of Melitopol experimental station of gardening are described. The sources of valuable economic and biological signs are allocated: winter hardiness of generative buds, resistance of buds to a frost, field resistance to a monilia and coccomycosis, compact of crown, self productivity, fast fructification, high tastes quality of fruits of early maturing and high productivity. Among 60 varieties - sources of valuable signs allocated in a work it is selected 20 which unite 3 and more valuable signs, including varieties of Amulet, Vstrecha, Griot Melitopolskaya, Igrushka, Melitopolskaya Radost, Melitopolskaya Purpurnaya, Prizvanie, Solidarnost, Shalunia, Chudo vishnya. Involvement of these varieties in the breeding process will allow you to receive the forms which as much as possible unite a complex of valuable signs in one genotype. For creation of new varieties of cherry and dukes 31 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, that are the donors and sources of the specified valuable signs were used in hybridization. On three varieties (Shalunia, Vstrecha, Vozrozhdenie) "The Certificates on registration of a sample of plants gene pool of in the Ukraine" are received, applications for receiving of certificates submitted for six varieties. As a result of study of a collection, allocation of varieties-standards and sources of biological and economic and valuable signs, the collection of traits of cherry was created and registered in the National center of genetic resources of plants of Ukraine.

Annotation

Ampelographic collection perform major fundamental and priority applied functions in the accumulation and preservation of the gene pool of grapes. Lately there is a tendency to the revival of indigenous varieties. Aboriginal, ancient grape varieties in the different regions of cultivation, and the wild forms are the most valuable part of the world gene pool of culture. The aim of our work was to identify the valuable genotypes of native varieties with improved adaptive, business and wine properties for winemaking of high quality. This article presents the results of agrobiological and technological study of six white aboriginal Don grapes varieties. The research was carried out in 2008-2014 at the ampelographic collection of ARRIV&W (Novocherkassk, Russia). The quality of the white table wines are especially influenced by such factors as environmental conditions, the varietal characteristics of a grapes, the technology of cultivation and processing of grapes. An important result of our research is the qualitative estimation of wine materials made from studied varieties. The varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy had the high yield. Very high sugar content was observed in the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy, high in the varieties - Shampanchic-2, Durman, Kumshatskiy Beliy. The highest tasting score got the wine from the variety Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy - 8.9 points. Varieties Mahrovatchik and Kumshatskiy Beliy stand out for complex of agronomic traits. They are recommended for industrial grapes under the nature plantations in conditions the Lower Don area. In breeding as sources of valuable technological and economical-biological features, it is recommended to use - Mahrovatchik, Kumshatskiy Beliy and Shampanchic Cimlyanskiy grapes varieties.

Annotation

Under of diversity of soil-climatic conditions the abiotic factors act as limiting and they destabilize the system of growth and development of plants in a fruit agricenoses. The role of adaptation reactions of varieties of fruit crops increases under these conditions. The main purpose of research was the study of dynamics of metabolites of apple-tree varieties of Idared, Prikubanskoye, Ligol varieties on CK4 rootstock under the conditions of different moisture of spring and summer period, including the double use of special fertilizers in combination with growth regulators. In article the analysis of change of weather conditions in May-August is given; dynamics of fractional composition of water is studied. Data on dynamics of carbohydrates and the content of organic acids and phenolic compounds are presented. Products of sugars oxidation are researched, realization of reproductive function of apple-tree plants is analysed. At this stage of research it was defined that Idared and Prikubanskoye apple-trees differed in the highest and stable content of free water in the leaves during the period from June to August and the raised content of phenolic compounds that promotes stabilization of regulatory functions of plants. Rather high level of synthetic reactions is revealed at apple-trees of Idared, Prikubanskoye and Ligol when determining the dynamics of protein content, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and organic acids. The responsiveness of apple-tree plants on leaves processings by water solutions of special fertilizers and regulators of growth is shown. On the basis of the data obtained in research the conclusion is made that the studied apple-tree varieties are suitable for creation of steady fruit agric cenosis under the conditions of the South of Russia.

Annotation

Now the relevance of resource-saving technologies increased in the gardening on the basis of the crown providing the decrease in labor input at their formation, the reduce of costs for harvesting and protection of plants against wreckers and diseases. The materials of article are the result of 10 years research on determination of parameters of labor expenses and efficiency of the fructifying intensive plantings of an apple-tree on rootstocks of M9, CK3, CK4 with a density of placement of plants from 1000 to 4167 pieces/hectare and the systems of crown formation "spindle-shaped" and "crown-row". Annually under the conditions of a field experiment we carried out the system of the methods of impact on crown providing the optimization of the light mode of plants. We determined by method of time supervision the time expenses and weighed the mass of the trees cut-off wood, and defined the productivity and efficiency of technological production cycle of fruits production. As a result of research it was defined that at carrying out of annual cutting an apple-tree Aydared and Pikubanskoye on rootstock of M9 the highest rates of labor productivity are received. In the same options also the highest productivity of trees, stability of fructification by years was observed. Profitability of fruits production makes 156,4-234,3%. The analysis of labor costs on carrying out of forming cutting of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK3 the Aydared and Simirenkovets revealed the considerable economy of resources and the minimum mass of the cut-off wood. The greatest expenses of work are fixed on the cutting of apple-tree trees of Dean Art and Zarnitsa. One of the main reserves of economy of resources at cultivation of an intensive garden of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK4 are the extent of cutting of trees (from 15 to 50% of the deleted wood with shortening of the central shoot at the height of 150 and 170 cm) and stability of fructification when rationing loading of fruits ranging from 60 to 80 on the tree.

Annotation

The purpose of research was studying of the commodity qualities and chemical composition of apple-tree fruits of late maturing introduced varieties and varieties of Institute breeding which are grown up under the conditions of the South of Russia. It is noted that the special importance have the questions of improvement of vitamin provision of the population due to consumption of the fruits with the high content of ascorbic acid. In research there were 10 apples varieties, among which 4 varieties of N�RRIH&V (Kubanskoe Bagryanoe, Prikubanskoye, Margo, Orphey). The research of indicators of fruit's chemical composition were carrying out using the standard techniques. Data on the content of soluble solids, sugars, acids and vitamins in the fruits of studied apple-tree's varieties are presented in this article. It is established that Granny Smit (220 g) and Prikubanskoye (205 g) apple varieties have the maximum mass of a fruit. The high content of soluble solids is typical for varieties of Institute breeding of Margo (14,0%), Orphey (15,5%), and also for the introduced Champion's variety (14,0%). The fruits of these varieties have also the high accumulation of sugars: the general content of sugars in 1,3 times higher than at the zoned Idared's variety. The highest amount of fructose (5,4%) and the minimum quantity of sucrose are noted in the apples of Margo of Institute breeding, that allow you to allocate Margo apple-tree in a group of the varieties possessing the valuable treatment-and-prophylactic qualities. The total content of pectin in the apples of the studied apple varieties was above a control sample. On the sum of pectin substances an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye with content of 0,5% of soluble pectin and 0,55% of protopectin was picked out.

Annotation

The method of a field experiment accompanied with laboratory analyses and mathematical data processing is the basis for work. At a laying of a field experiment and carrying out calculations and observations and other types of field works used the standard techniques are used. The analysis of the obtained experimental data is carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. The biological assessment of growth regulators of new generation in the plantings of fruit and berry crops and grapes was the purpose of our research. The research was conducted in the plantings of an apple-tree, wild strawberry and grapes. The regulators of growth of new generation - Atonik Plus, Zerebra Agro, VL 77, Agro-Stimul and Avibif on phases of plants development of plants during the vegetative period were used. The results of the conducted research showed that a 3-time processing by Atonik Plus in a dose of 0,2 l/hectare, was the most effective on an apple-tree, the reliable increase in a crop of fruits was 7,0 t/hectare in comparison with control. The increase in a crop of fruits is occurred due to a smaller falling of fruits during formation of an ovary and increase in average mass of fruits. On Elsanta strawberry use of the Avibif growth regulator promoted the improvement of growth processes of plants, the increase in quantity of flowers was observed. The increase in berries crop was 2,5 t/hectare of with a dose of preparation of 0,6 l/hectare. The greatest rise of a crop is got at processing of grapes by preparation VL 77 in a dose of 0,3 l/hectare (6,5 t/hectare). The research of biological efficiency of new forms of growth regulators in production plantings of garden cultures and grapes showed prospects their use for regulation of growth processes of plants, increases in efficiency and improvement of quality of fruits and berries.

Annotation

In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.

Annotation

Ditylenchus, caused by a stem nematode of Ditylenchusdipsaci, after thirty years absence in an area of activity of NCRRIH&V, again in the region is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry. The results of determination of the thresholds of harmfulness of rot nematode and resistance of yield losses of annual plants, contrast on of strawberry garden's, cultivars from density of populations. Threshold of harmfulness of stem nematode for annual plants of strawberry varies depending on the degree of resistance of varieties to harmful type. For hardy variety of Senga Sengana the threshold of harmfulness in 8-16 times higher than one of susceptible Mice Schindler variety: 4 specimens of D. dipsaci for Mice Schindler and 64 - for of Senga Sengana strawberry. For perennial plants of strawberry (aged 2 years and over) the determination of threshold harmfulness will require of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of populations of strawberry ditylenchus in the space (within plantations) and in time (at least in 3 years contrast on weather conditions). Taking into account the difficulty of protecting of industrial plants from stem nematodes at the present time we should talk about zero threshold of harmfulness of D. dipsaci for strawberrrry's perennial crops and uterine plantings. To determine the hardiness of strawberry varieties to D. dipsacis it is necessary to compare their productivity on smooth of invasive by infection and healthy background due to the lack of clear relation between harvest of berries and the degree of destruction of vegetative organs and numbers in them of D. dipsacis in the process of berry's harvesting.

Annotation

The results of long-term research on specific structure of harmful and useful fauna of an apple-tree garden are given in the article. It is established that extent of settling of gardens phytophages and entomophages fluctuates depending on age and type of a garden. The increase in number of phytophages in young gardens promotes the increase in number of entomophages. It is shown that one of criterion of efficiency of entomocenosis regulation is the relationship between harmful and useful entomofauna which is expressed by a ratio a phytophage/entomophage. The analysis of the observations and research made in apple-tree plantings allowed to determine the influence of plants processing by means of protection on preservation and activization of useful organisms. It is established that the application of chemical insecticides during the achievement of number of a pest complex in a spring of an economic threshold of injuriousness promotes the effective decrease in number of wreckers to 91,6 %. These preparations have not the noticeable impact on entomophages which appear later. With growth of number of the dominant pests in May-August the entomophages sometimes aren't capable to constrain their development at the level of an economic threshold of injuriousness. For the preservation of a crop the carrying out of processing by insecticides is required. It is noted that it is expedient to apply the preparations of natural origin, the biological means of plants protection, and biologically active agents which efficiency is 98,7-99,9%. The specified biological means of plants protection have not impact on development of entomophages. The application of biological means of plants protection in the fruit plantings in the second half of summer keeps not only ikhnevmonids and brakonids, but also predators polyphagues, that is due to decrease in anthropogenous influence on agric cenosis the steady growth of biodiversity of entomophages is observed.

Annotation

In recent years it is preferred a laying of fruit orchards to carry out by saplings that have a crown, which at least accelerate for a year of formation of tree's crowns and getting of the first commercial crop of fruits. The fast fructification and productivity of fruit plantings depend on quality of landing material. The requirements to quality of landing material increase all the time. The new way of cultivation of two-year saplings had a crown on KNIP-BAUM system is offered. The saplings which are grown up on this system are already capable to lay the floral buds in the nursery, and in a year of landing to give 3-5 kg of fruits from a tree. The technology of their cutting is very simple. The main lack of KNIP-BAUM system is cultivation of saplings within three years, that in comparison with receiving of one year saplings using two-year cycle of cultivation, considerably increases the expenses. In this article it is shown, that improving of existing technology of cultivation of a fruit plant using an inoculation in one-year shoot of a rootstock at the height of 55-60 cm, and also due to use of part of a rootstock for formation of future trunk of a sapling, it is possible to increase in intensity of growth and development of a sapling. So, the height of annual apple-tree sapling at a high inoculation increased on 16-26 cm in our experiments, the total growth of shoots increased by 1,5-1,7 times, the laying of branches in a plant crown increased in 2,5-2,7 times. Parameters of an annual sapling became to correspond to a two-year sapling with one-year crown. However the period of cultivation of such saplings was reduced by one year that is an undoubted advantage of this technology.

Annotation

The purpose of research is the determination of biological efficiency of system of protective measures on vineyards when using the tank mixes of pesticides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd and the possibility to reduce the frequency rate of chemical processings. The field research were conducted in 2013-2014 on industrial grapes plantings of Rkatsiteli grapes in the South-West zone of vine growing of the Crimea. The standard methods applied in vine growing and protection of plants were used: route inspections and field research - for study of dynamics of development of diseases and determination of productivity of grapes; laboratory's research - for definition of the content of sugars and titrable acids in the juice of grapes berries. Calculation of biological efficiency of system of grapes protection against diseases when using the tank mix of fungicides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd showed the high values - higher than 86,6% by all options of experiment. The highest rates of efficiency (87,1%) at protection againts mildew with use of ad'yuvant Kodasayd 950 on the leaves are noted in two options of experiment: use of ad'uvant at all processings of plants and in a option with reduction of frequency rate of processings. The level of crop protection in this case made 89,2-89,6%. The use of ad'yuvant of Kodasayd 950 (2,0 l/hectare) in the tank mix with chemical preparations allowed you to reduce the frequency rate of processings from 6 to 4 without decrease in efficiency of protection. The high level of protective measures when using the modern assortment of preparations and multipurpose ad'yuvant of a natural origin - Kodasayd 950 allowed you to receive the bigger crop of grapes - 5,3-5,4 kg / a bush against 4,5 kg / a bush in the control option.

Annotation

Phytosanitary optimization of vine growing involves the analysis of a complex of the biotic and abiotic factors defining a phytosanitary situation of specific planting. The purpose of our research was a study of bioecological features of causative agents of the main diseases of table grapes varieties of early and late maturing and differentiation of the studied varieties on degree of defeat against the main diseases under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea. Field research were conducted on vineyards of table grapes varieties superearly maturing terms (Elegant Superanny, Flora, Arkadia), early (Vostorg), late (Moldova) in 2013-2014, according to the techniques used in the practice of vine growing. On the vineyards of table varieties the development of mildew, black spottiness, and anthracnose was diagnosed. The leaves of Vostorg grapes and bunches of Arkadia and Alegant grapes desease least of all. The development of an anthracnose and black spottiness was noted on vegetative and generative organs of Vostorg grapes plants. The obtained data on productivity testified about prospects of cultivation of table grapes under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea when timely carrying out the protective measures. Identification of defeat by mildew defeat and anthracnose and black spottiness of table grapes allowed you to make conclusion about nessesity of carrying out the protective measures from mildew on Flora, Elegant superrany, Moldova, Arkadia, Vostorg grapes. On the Vostorg grapes Delight in connection with defeat by anthracnose and black spottiness, it is required the carrying out the additional processing against these objects. The received results can be used in the development of system of protective measures for table grapes assortment in this zone of wine growing.

Annotation

The work is relevant because it is directed on a solution of a question of decreasing in prime cost of apple rootstocks' clonal micropropagation technology and increasing exit of plants. The results of researches on selection of the low-toxic, economic and environmentally friendly growth factors, organizers of structure of a nutrient medium, and also increasing of efficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation in unsterile environmental conditions are presented. The experiment showed that on the main quality indicators of microshoots furolan in concentration of 4 mg/l is less dangerous and more economic analog of traditionally used growth factors (6-BAP, GA, IBA) with efficiency at the same level and above. The potato starch was defined as analog of agar-agar in the nutrient medium with mineral structure on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog for cultivation apple rootstocks' microshoots of the SK series. By experience the conditions raising the eficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation to unsterile environmental conditions were established. The adaptation of apple rootstocks' microplants should be begun with the moment when plants reach the size of 5-10 cm, and their root system will consist of several well developed roots, 2-5 cm long in 800 ml vessels on a substratum the lixivious black soil stabilized within a day at a temperature 100º C with addition of half solution of salts on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog