Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The article summarizes the results of long-term multi-aspect basic research supervised by Prof. G.V. Udovenko using more than 7000 varieties of different crops studied within a single programme of salt, drought, frost and cold resistance. We show the parameters that are most closely connected with the level of resistance of the plants on the basis of the analysis of ecological and physiological mechanisms of resistance and adaptation of the cultivated plants with juicy fruit (fruit, berry, citrus and vegetable plants) to the extreme influence of the environment and to the impact of various endogenous factors on the level of resistance. We point out two categories of differences in the reactions of plants to various types of stresses: quantitative and qualitative. The data analysis indicates that many parameters of plants have a common qualitative character of change under the influence of heterogeneous stresses. The identity of the qualitative aspect testifies to the non-specific adaptation of the plants to the stresses. The qualitative differences reflect the actually existing phase level of resistance of the plants. It has been established that the formation of fruit organs substantially increases the functional activity of the vegetative organs and significantly raises the general resistance of the plant to extreme effects. During adaptation to stresses a self-adjusting decrease in the changes of fruit load manifests itself to stabilize the resistance of the plant to extreme effects. We suggest methodological approaches and techniques based on the assessment of physiological and genetic changes to be used in plant cultivation and breeding. The devised methodology of researching and preserving fruit and berry resources enables singling out the valuable genotypes for long-term storage.
The Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station stores a gene pool of stone fruits of 5000 genotypes as a result of collecting missions in the centres of origin of cultivated plants. The pool was used to single out the donors and characteristics significant for breeding that enabled the formation of the genetic collection of stone fruits and to syntheses the new collection donors which were employed to develop the new varieties of stone fruits. Their use was especially efficient for breeding clonal stocks. Using the genotypes of wild species of stone fruits from the State Register of Selection Achievements admitted for reproduction in the Russian Federation, we developed 17 clonal stocks. As a result of analytical selection we singled out the genotypes that were given the status of varieties from the gene pool of wild-growing stone fruits: seedling rootstocks 'Pamirskiy 5' and 'Tikhoretskiy 4', clonal stocks 'L-2' and 'Kuban 86', ornamental cherry trees 'Kiparisovaya', 'Rozanna', 'Krasna devitsa', 'Malyshka'; Louiseania ulmifolia - 'Ocharovanie', 'Rozoviy shar', 'Snezhanna'. As a result of study of the gene pool of the wild-growing stone fruits and the outcomes of their selection usage, additions and corrections were introduced in the system of the genus Prunus L. We suggest transferring the section Amygdalopsis (Carr.) Lincz. of the subgenus Amygdalus (L.) Focke and Microcerasus Webb. of the subgenus Cerasus Pers. to the subgenus Prunophora Focke besides the sections Prunus and Armeniaca (Lam.) Koehne. An intraspecific taxonomy of species was developed for: cherry plum - P.cerasifera Ehr.; blackthorn - P.spinosa L.; Microcerasus incana (Pall.) M. Roem. - P.incna Stev.; Microcerasus prostrata Roem.- P.prostrata Labill.; dwarf almond - P.nana (L.) Bert. et Hedr. and others. We put forward a hypothesis of the origin of several species of stone fruits, including P.spinosa, P.darvasica, P.fruticosa, P.Maackii, P.kurilensis, P.nana, P.fenzliana, P.buharica, P.spinosissima, P.petunnikovii and some others.
The article presents the characteristics of genotypes of the East Asian species of stone fruit plants related to Prunus L. Genetic diversity of the collection includes 14 species and 4 varieties including: breeding varieties - 87, hybrids - 23, local varieties - 237, genotypes of wild East Asian species - 227. Based on the polymorphism of wild species the intraspecific taxonomy was developed for P. sachalinensis, P. kurilensis, P. glandulosa depending on the colour of flower petals. The sources of significant selection traits were identified to create the adaptive varieties for the Far East and Siberia: it is identified for the genotypes of P. maackii, P. tomentosaandP. glandulos have the complete monogenetic resistance to coccomyces; the studied genotypes of P. maximoviczii, P. kurilensis, P. padus have the high immune response. It is proposed to include in the breeding programs: 40 genotypes of P. sachalinensis with sour-sweet and sweet taste of fruit that is quite rare for this species, 5 genotypes of P. mandshurica with large sour-sweet fruits, 4 genotypes of P. padus with early ripening sour-sweet fruits, one genotype of P. padus with late blooming and sour-sweet fruits, two genotypes of P. glandulosa with sour-sweet fruits and high winter resistance. All the studied wild stone plant species can be use as donors of high resistance to winter conditions and to coccomyces. Currently there is enough comprehensive information about genotype composition of the collection of East Asian stone plant species related to Prunus Lavailable on the Far Eastern Experimental Station, VIR.
One of the main directions of pear breeding is resistant to adverse environmental conditions: frost resistance and winter hardiness, drought and heat resistance, resistance to diseases and pests. Also the important features of new varieties are early appearance of fruits, high yield, fruit quality and timing of their maturation, small tree size. The aim of the work is the study of VIR pear variety collection under the soil and climatic conditions of a foothill zone of Adygea, to identify the new sources of economically valuable traits for use in breeding. The trees in the collection garden were planted in 2005. Almost every year the temperature regime of the winter period was unstable. There was a decline in temperatures up to the critical values (-30 oC), the long thaw, and then new lows of temperatures and spring frosts. For breeding Some winter-hardy varieties are revealed with good quality fruits: Dessertnaya, Lastochka, Rossoshanskaya, Mlievskaya Rannya, Mramornaya and varieties of late-flowering to protect against frost: Biruzovaya, Williams Ranniy Morettini, Victoria, Krasnodarskaya Letnyaya, Leven, Maikopsky Souvenir, Nariadnaya Mlievskaya, Obilnaya Tuza, Rossoshanskaja Pozdniaja, Rossoshanskaya Raniya, Uspenka, Harrow Delight. The sources of resistance to fungal diseases are Caucasian varieties: Bagir Armud, Mahsuldar, Cherkesskaya 325, Yadigar. A few varieties, which are the first fruits appeared on a two-year trees were Borup, Devo, Dr. Jules Guyot, Napoca, Skorospelka, Suksen Skorospelka, that promising for breeding for early appearance of fruits.Valuable sources were Biruzovaya, Devo, Krasnodarskaya Letniya, Krasnodarskaya Ranniya, Lastochka, Maikopsky Souvenir, that combine the high yield and fruit quality. Maikopsky Souvenir and Biruzovaja also revealed as sources of growth moderation and red skin of the fruit. The article presents the brief characteristics of selected sources.
The results of long-term research of the Nikita Botanical Garden's apricot genofond are presented. It is selected 43 comprehensive sources of economic-biological signs (winter resistance, frost resistance of generative buds, drought resistance, late flowering, yield capacity, large-fruited, good taste and elegant in coloring, low sensibility to Monilia cinerea Bon. and Closterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) Aderh., the applicable for the production of canned products, self-fertility, early and late terms of ripening fruit) perspective for use in apricot breeding. It was selected the promising introducers- sources of trait of early ripening fruit: Vardaguyn Vagdaas, Dima Beketovsky, Shalah from the Iran-Caucasian; Mamuri, Kok Pshar from Central Asian; May-He-Sin and Yuan Sin from China's eco-geographical groups. Among genotypes of selection of NBG there are some with very early ripening of fruits: Gulistan, Dionis, Zorkiy, Lyuchak Gvardeiskiy, Pasyinok, Salute, Edem and others. To create varieties with late ripening fruits interest are Aresh Sanagyan and Nukul Citrony of the Iran-Caucasian, Kech-Pshar of Central Asian; 80 / 22-1 from the European groups and Da-Huan-Hou from China. Among the varieties of selection of NBG such signs have Iskorka Tavridy and Vyinoslivy. Valuable sources of late flowering and increased hardiness are Zard and Kok- Pshar of the Central Asian group, Da-Huan-Hou - a variety from China and Zapozdaly, Ladoga, Stepnyak, Naryadny, Pretendent the varieties of NBG breeding. The sources of self-fertility trait are the sorts of NBG breeding Ananasny Cyurupinskiy, Vyinoslivyiy, Iskorka Tavridy, Kryimskiy Amur, Letchik, Kostinskiy, Strepet, Forum. It was established that the creation of productive, highly adaptive, large-fruited varieties with high-quality of fruits, the most effective is to involve into hybridization of genotypes from the European, Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian ecological-geographical groups. It was selected 15 new varieties (Altair, Alyans, Autok, Gamlet, Divny, Dionis, Iskorka Tavridy, Krokus, Koster, Kostinskiy, Magistr, Naslazhdenie, Pamyaty Ageevoy, Yuzhanin, Yaltinets) for industrial introduction, 14 of which are included n the Register of Selection Achievements of Russia.
The results of study on drought resistance of nine varieties of apricot (Bratskiy, Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgiyevskiy, Orlik Stavropolya, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) under the conditions of rigid drought in the territory of Krasnodar Region are presented in this article. It is revealed that differences in water content in leaf tissue of studied apricot varieties are small, their range is from 66% to 70%. By analysis of variance the intervarietal variability on signs of drought resistance of an apricot is established. Two varieties which maintain the conditions of long effect of high temperatures were selected as a result of carried out research. It is analyzed the condition of seven apricot varieties of (Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgyevskiy, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) on signs of productivity to assess their stability to unfavorable factors which are appear in ontogenesis under the influence of the external environment. It is established that the genotype of the studied apricot varieties statistically authentically influences on everything studied productivity signs. without exception Existence of variability on productivity signs between the studied varieties is proved. As a result of carried research on a basis of complex of signs of drought resistance the apricot varieties of New Jersey and Reklamny which should be attracted as parental forms at inter varieties hybridization are selected. The essential contribution to gene typical distinctions of studied apricot varieties according to productivity was made by next signs: mass of a fruit, a yield from a tree, quantity of fruits.
The research reviewed the literature on the history of nectarine culture, whose home is China. The moving progress of nectarine from China to the West along the ancient silk road through the Central Asia and West Asia (Persia), Greece, Italy, throughout Europe and other continents is shown. It is revealed that nectarine varieties had been were in Central Asia and Iran from China 3000-4000 years ago, and from here over 2,000 years ago were introduced into Southern Europe. It is shown that the Crimean EBS VIR and in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden selected the best varieties of nectarines that are of interest to a wide introduction in production and further use in breeding. In the process of the initial investigation of genetic nectarine resources are identified the varieties and forms with valuable breeding traits. Among them are: genotypes with male sterility, seed sweet taste, honey taste of the fruit, with genetically marker signs (with white flower, with red leaf), from very early to late ripening, with white and yellow flash and large size for industrial horticulture. The best nectarine varieties of introduction and selection of the Crimean EBS VIR are following: Krasnodarets, Oreon, Raduzhnyiy 7 , Rozovaya Printsessa , Silver Roma, Skif. The best nectarine large-fruited varieties in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden are selected. The are Kryimchanin, Rubinovy 4, Rubinovy 8 and Rubinovyiy 9. Especially valuable nectarine genotypes differing in seed sweet taste are Krasnodarets, Kryimchanin, Rubinovy 9.
The blackberry microplants, obtained from meristem in vitro culture VIR (meriklones), were studied under the natural conditions of a foothill zone of the Adygea Republic on traits of their viability, main agronomic characteristics and adaptability. The results of survival of the test-tube plants are received at their transplantation on a sterile soil substratum: from 44% (Merton Thornless) to 100% (Cascade, Witford Thornless, Oregon) and then under natural conditions of the environment (98%). The analysis of growth and fructification of samples is carried out. Thornless varieties of Dirksen Thornless, Eldorado, Evergreen Thornless are steadily fruitful. The first two varieties differ in large berries and their high marketability. Early ripening varieties are Young, Cascade, Dirksen Thornless, Logan Thornless, Tayberry; the late-ripening - Santiam and Evergreen Thornless. 7-10% of sugars are accumulated in the berries of Cascade, Tayberry, Young, Whitford Thornless, 60 mg/% of ascorbic acid have Achton Cross, Oregon Thornless, Merton Thornless and Tayberry varieties. Drought and heat resistance of blackberries are estimated generally 4,5 points. In the field conditions the content of water in the leaves makes 60-70 %. At artificial dehydration the leaves of Achton Cross and Dirksen Thornless varieties lose more than 40% of water for 6 hours. High water-retaining ability of leaves is noted at Logan Thornless blackberry. In severe and low-snow winters at varieties of Whitford Thornless, Dirksen Thornless, Eldo-rado, Logan Thornless, Young the top part of shoots freezes slightly, and at Cascade and Achton Cross the shoots freeze slightly to soil level. Oregon Thornless and Whitford Thornless varieties are almost resistant against leaves spot (defeat to 1 point) the Cascade, Santiam, Tayberry varieties are high susceptible (3,5 points).
For the characteristic of thermal requirements of viticulture and some grapes varieties the numerous of indexes are used: sum of average day temperatures and effective temperatures, minimal temperature of inter phase periods, temperatures of beginning of phenophase, average temperatures of inter phase periods. The purpose of this research is the characteristic of temperature requirements of varieties cultivated under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region on the basis of analysis of 71 grapes varieties from Ya.I. Potapenko Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking collection, that presents the varieties differ in term of maturing and a way of maintaining culture and direction of use. Research showed that under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region the period from bud break to flowering is characterized by sum of temperatures of 655 C for all varieties. The period from the beginning of flowering to beginning of ripening has duration of 39-68 days and 885-1596C. The average duration period from the beginning of ripening to full maturity of berries varies from 19 up to 51 days, the sum of temperatures - from 457 up to 1129C. The studied varieties considerably differ on the sum of temperatures for vegetation: from 2068 up to 3205C. Different degree of dependence of inter phase duration from temperatures is confirmed by the correlation analysis: strong correlation during the period from the bud break to flowering (average coefficient of correlation is r =-0,91), the duration of the production period depends lesser from average temperature (r =-0,74). Duration of period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening doesn't depend on the average temperature (r =-0,30), period from the beginning before full maturing depends not strongly (r =-0,45). The model of constancy of the sums of effective temperatures above a temperature minimum works well for the period from bud break to flowering (the sum of temperatures above 10-11C is equal 270C) and for production period in whole (the sum of temperatures above 11 C varied from 814 to 2029C for grapes varieties).
In the article the stages of formation of the VIR squash collection and the ways of mobilization of new samples are given. Currently the collection represented by the five cultural species and counts 2567 accessions from 97 countries. Of these, 1035 - local varieties-populations, 1477 - breeding varieties, 25 - hybrids, 30 - inbred lines and donors of valuable breeding traits. The increase in the collection is carried out in the following areas: the collection of local forms with a high degree of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and valuable biochemical composition; the attracting the best world achievements of modern breeding. For the last five years the squash collection was increased on 102 new samples. As a result of study of the squash samples the local samples, characterized by excellent taste, high yielding, early maturing, resistant to the complex of diseases, with a high content of carotene, were selected. In the article the level of genetic study of the morphological and biological traits is analyzed. The genetic collection of squash are created, which presents with the following traits: watermelon mosaic virus resistance - gene Wmv(1 acc,), naked seeds - gene n (22 acc.); bush habit - gene Bu (40 acc.); spaghetti flesh - gene sp (6 acc.); parthenocarpy - (16 accessions and 14 lines). Genetic collection of marker traits includes the following signs: yellow-green young leaves - gene v (2 acc.), rosette leaf - gene ro (1 acc.). On the basis of the identified gene pool of a squash in VIR (Kuban experimental station and Pushkin laboratories) the research on creation of donor of valuable breeding traits is carried out. Donors of bush habit, fruit quality, high content of carotene, a yellow color of the fruit, with related positive characteristics such as early maturity, high productivity, resistance to diseases are created.
The present paper discusses the main historical stages of development of breeding and seed growing of garden pea at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station from its foundation to the present day, as well as sums up the work done and enumerates the main achievements at each stage. Priority trends of garden pea breeding in the Krasnodar Region are considered, the main being: development of varieties of different groups of ripeness, small-seediness, polycarpy (triple pods on the flower stalk), polyspermy, determinant type of stem growth, leafless types, resistance to abiotic stress factors that are the characteristic of the South of Russia etc. A hybrid that combines determination and fasciation that are relevant for further breeding aimed at obtaining of the high-yielding lodging resistant varieties is presented. The paper describes the new varieties that were developed and included in the State Register of Selection Achievements in recent years, as well as those that have the different vegetation periods and allow you the packing industry to process green peas within 30 days. A comparative description of them and the standard varieties according to the main economically valuable parameters is given. The paper brings forward a promising conveyor of the varieties and hybrids of breeding at the experimental station that can increase the supply of raw material for processing up to 40 days and longer in actual production due to the varieties with exceptionally short and short ripening periods, which will enable to significantly raise the output of canning and frozen production in the Krasnodar Region. Drawing on the results of the competitive variety testing in 2012-2014, the paper provides data on the yields of beans and green peas of promising hybrids.
In recent years the scales of gardening of settlements have considerably increased in the Belgorod region. Respectively, it causes the necessity of increase in volumes of cultivation of landing material and introduction in the greening assortment of the new ornamental wood plants which includes the elder plants. Research objective was the identification of prospects degree of use of some representatives of the Sambucus L. sort under the conditions of an introduction of the Belgorod Region.The presented in this article results are got as a result of research that are carried out on the base of the Botanical garden of the Belgorod State university. The study is undertaken an on the types of Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus canadensis 'Plumosa' L., Sambucus racemosa 'Aurea' L., Sambucus racemosa L., Sambucus nigra L., Sambucus racemosa 'Plumosa' L., Sambucus sibirica Nakai. and Sambucus coreana Nakai on the generally accepted methodologies in the breeding work. On prospects degree under the conditions of the Belgorod Region the secies of elder are presented by two groups: the first group - the most perspective with an assessment of 101-115 points (S. nigra L., S. racemosa 'Aurea' L. and S. sibirica Nakai.), the making 38% of total number of the introduced secies; the second - perspective secies of elder with an assessment of 95-100 points (S. canadensis L., S. canadensis 'Plumosa' L., S. racemosa L., S. racemosa 'Plumosa' L. and S. coreana Nakai.), the making 62% of total number of the introduced secies.
Breeding and production of planting material
The article presents the general trends of rhizogenesis of some cherry varieties of sour in vitro. The experiments were carried out from 2012 till 2015 in a biotechnological laboratory at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station. The plant material of five cherry varieties ('Igrushka', 'Lyubskaya', 'Turgenevka', 'Shakhrazada' and 'Lava') was obtained from the department of genetic resources of breeding and varieties research at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station. The plant material was put under the aseptic conditions in a previously selected agarized nutritious medium and after it was placed in a growing room with artificial lighting for further experiments on their development, reproduction and rootage. The experiments resulted in selection of out two modifications of nutritious medium on the basis of Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) for a successful elongation of microshoots of the cherry varieties under study. The five studied varieties of cherry formed the well-developed shoots of 2-2.5 cm in height in vitro on these growth media. For the rootage of cherry microshoots in vitro a modified agarized growth medium (UV3) based on the salts of M-S (1962) was chosen. The experiments showed that the most active process of rhizogenesis as well as a high percentage of rootage is characteristic of 'Igrushka' and 'Lyubskaya' varieties. We assessed the development of the root system using such parameters as the number of rootlets per plant and their length. 'Lyubskaya' and 'Igrushka' cherries turned out to possess the best average parameters of the variety. At these varieties the number of rootlets was 5 cm and 4.6 cm on average and their length was 6.8 cm and 6 cm respectively.
For modern clonal micro propagation the great interest is represented by low-toxic, environmentally friendly, budgetary growth regulators of new generation, in particular the derivatives of organic acids received when processing waste of agricultural production. These preparations pass the broad tests in agrarian production, but in vitro culture their test wasn't carried out. This work is performed for the purpose of study of plantlets' growth reactions and definition of an optimum ratio and concentration of new and traditional growth factors at a stage of regeneration and multiplication of plum micro shoots. As object of research the plum of Stanley variety is served. As a result of the conducted research it is revealed that on nutrient mediums where as a growth factor amber acid 4 mg/l was used, the reproduction coefficient for a passage (3,5) is the same, as well as on the medium with standard stimulators - BAP 0,2 mg/l and GA 1,2 mg/l, a little smaller coefficient of reproduction (3,3) - on the medium with potassium succinate. Use of amber acid, potassium succinate and sodium succinate in concentration 4 mg/l considerably reduces the level of micro shoots' chlorosis (by 53,9, 48 and 31,5% respectively), improves their general state (on 1,3; 1,2 and 0,9 points on a five-point scale respectively). The using of amber acid and a sodium succinate 4 mg/l significantly increases the quantity of the formed leaves on microshoots, on 4,1 - 4,4 pieces, in comparison with the standard (BAP 0,2 mg/l and GA 1,2).
Phytosanitary condition of plants
Actual problem of modern gardening is improvement of quality of production. Along with the main indicators - productivity, winter hardiness, vitamin value of fruits - the new varieties must have the immunity to wreckers, viral and phytoplasma diseases. The Belgorod Region is the favorable agrarian territory of Russia for cultivation of the various fruit plants intended for industrial and amateur gardening. Research is conducted on the methodical managements. The assessment of plants on resistance to diseases was carried out under the field conditions visually dynamically on a natural rigid infectious background. The long-term dynamics of stability of types of the genus Cerasus L. is shown in the article under the conditions of the Belgorod Region to the most harmful diseases. Types of sort of Cerasus under the conditions of the Belgorod area are receptive to Coccomyces hiemalis, Clasterosporium carpophiylum and Monilia cenerea. With high stability to Coccomyces hiemalis the types of. C. vulgaris, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis are distinguished, the types of C. besseyi and . fruticosa are defeated. Clasterosporium carpophiylum defeats all studied types of Cerasus. Among them the more steady are the types of C. avium, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis. The types of . fruticosa and C. bessey are defeated in a strong degree. Monilia cenerea defeats in a greater degree the types of C. tomentosa, C. besseyi and . fruticosa. The types of C. mahaleb, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis, C. japonica and C. glandulosa have a high resistance to monilia desease. With complex stability to illnesses under the conditions of the Belgorod area the types of C. avium, C. vulgaris are selected. These Cerasus types are perspective for introduction in the farms and for use in the plant-breeding work.
Decorative shapes of garden rocks and grapes in the landscape construction
The paper considers the biological peculiarities of two the most winter-hardy species of bird cherry - Prunus padus L. and Prunus virginiana L., as well as of their hybrids of the first and subsequent generations and the known ornamental forms and varieties. We used the following for crossbreeding: Prunus padus L. 'Nezhnost' with pink petals, Prunus padus L. 'Colorata' with lilac-pink petals and red leaves in spring, and selected ungraded genotypes with various types of vigour and crown forms, as well as local specimens with very long clusters and big flowers. For crossing Prunus virginiana we used the 'Schubert' cultivar with red leaves in summer and autumn and selected multi-flowered specimens with long clusters. We created and officially registered three hybrid cultivars - 'Purpurnaya Svecha', 'Sibirskaya Krasavitsa' and 'Krasnyi Shater' with 'Schubert'-type red leaves differing in their crown form and vigour. New cultivars are being tested in the State Commission of the Russian Federation - 'Oblako' (Prunus padus L.), of medium growth with very big white flowers, and interspecific hybrids: 'Stroynaya', of strong growth with 'Schubert'-type red leaves but pink flowers, and 'Krasnyi sezon', a cultivar of low growth with red leaves year-round. The group of new genotypes with explicit ornamental qualities, that candidates for new cultivars, was prepared. We singled out the new genetic sources for breeding usage. For Prunus padus L., intraspecific crossing of the best specimens can result in highly ornamental and easily propagable cultivars. Prunus virginiana L. should be used to transfer certain the highly ornamental characteristics to hybrids. Interspecific crossing increases the diversity of characteristics of the hybrids and allows one to obtain their new original combinations. The paper discusses the promising trends in breeding of bird cherry for various ornamental characteristics and offers the brief descriptions of the origin and ornamental qualities of some created cultivars and hybrids.