Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The results of the working out of the controle mechanisms by mycopathocenosis of an ap-ples garden are presented. The appearance of new kinds of the fungi that cause wood rot, demonstrates the need to assess their biodi-versity and occurrence. During the basis of results of monitoring of one type of fungal pathogen can predict the risk of another. For foothill zone horticulture the varieties are se-lected steady and high susceptible to the main diseases and strategies for their protection is determined.
Results of experimental researches for defi-nition of biological efficiency of chemical and microbiological preparations on plum (Kabardinskaya rannyaya) against clastero-sporium carpophilum allowing for the de-velopment of a common pathogenic process are presented and the most effective ele-ments of protection systems against the pathogenic process are specified.
The specific structure and harmfulness of fungal diseases of wild strawberry are defined. Comprehensive perspective of use the of hemical and microbiological fungicides immunomodulating factors and them admixtures against fungal diseases of wild strawberry is established.
A new approach to definition determining the harmfulness of pests and diseases in vineyards is offered that allows differentiat-edly to approach to modeling systems for the protection of plantations on the basis of a phytosanitary condition of the plantation, stability of the sort, the prevailing weather conditions and type of damage the pest. Be able to do the high-quality protection of vineyards and reduce consumption of pesti-cides by 25-30%.
The data about the increase of species composition and increase the range of Phytophags order Thysanoptera, Hmptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera in the vineyards are presented. The most significant changes occurred in the fauna of sucking pests. The reasons for the changes are named: the introduction of planting material, adaptation to the conditions of the grape ecosystem of local fauna.
Manage environmental and food safety
As a result of studying sensitivity of an apple varieties to different origin of fungous disease in the conditions of Krasnodar region are allocated resistant and low-susceptible apple varieties which allows for the introduction to ensure non-polluting production, to reduce technogenic load by a garden biocenosis.
In the article results of researches the dynamics of residues of organophosphate insecticides used in the garden are presented. It is established that properties of low stability in the external environment and the rapid disintegration on treated sites have only contact organophosphate preparations, which do not penetrate inside the plant facilities (phuphanon, karbophos-500, kemiphos, etc.). System preparations (o.s. chlorpyrephos, zolon, dimetoat, etc.) differ considerably more resistant in the environment are exposed to strict regulation and are limited in practical application.
The model of bioecological regulation of development of mildew of the apple-tree, providing along with operative suppression of development of disease conservation and augmentation of density of natural population of hyperparasitic fungi of sort Ampelomyces biocenosis in the orchard is developed and proved.
The results of long-term researches on the species composition of pests and beneficial fauna, biological characteristics of pests, trophic relations in entomo and acarapidosis apple-tree orchards, the definition of the role of natural mineral entomo- acarifauna populations, the degree of settling of orchards phyto, entomo - and acariphages depending on the age of a orchard are presented. Influence of level of pesticidal loads on species composition of phyto, entomo - and acariphages is studied. Systems of plant protection with a share of ecologically safe products of 25-30 % allow to receive biological efficiency of 91-99 %, to keep a complex of useful fauna.
Results of experimental researches by definition of biological efficiency of chemical, microbiological preparations and biologically active substances on plum against plum moth (Laspeyresia funebrana) and the ordinary web-mite are presented. Preliminary parameters of low-risk preparations in the integrated protection systems of plum are established.
It is established, that the basic negative consequences of pesticides are manifested in inhibition of respiratory activity microbic cenosis. The degree and duration of the revealed infringements of a functional condition agrobiocenosis reflect the level of ecotoxical action of systems of protection. Indicators of potential respiratory activity of soil microbial respiration rate and allow us to estimate the reserves possibilities of the biotic component of ecosystems. The account of indicators of a functional condition of soil biological environment is one of the basic conditions of formation of ecologically proved systems of protection South fruit and citrus fruit crops.
The data of the biological efficiency of integrated systems for the protection of grapes from oidium with chemical and microbiological (fungal and bacterial) fungicides are presented. A comparative assessment of the influence of chemical and biologized protection systems at grape phylloplan is given. The following stress reduction phytotoxicity biologized protection systems, expressed in maintaining moisture in the plants is shown.
The description of the signs of defeat of grape plant mildew is resulted and the basic agricultural practices to combat it used in production are listed. The chemical method presented fungicides of contact and systemic action is described. The data maintenances of residual quantities of preparations of group of copper and dithiocarbamate in grapes of table and technical direction are shown.
Tasks for basic research of transformation of triazoles on vineyards are to determine the mechanisms of biochemical process of their accumulation, translocation and degradation of ecosystems soil grapes. To this purpose, fungicidal heterocyclic compounds with three or more heteroatoms in the cycle chromatographic identification of triazoles and their toxic products of metabolism is executed. The article presents the results of the identification of triazoles in the soil and grapes, performance criteria for the identification of fungicides obtained an improved method of research.
Results of complex agrotechnical and ecologo-toxicological researches in viticulture are presented. A positive role of new agricultural practices of activation of living ability the soil microflora ampelocenosis to accelerate the degradation of pesticides by organic fertilizer and effective microorganisms is defined.
Storage of fruits and berries production and grapes
The results of studies on the effect of post-harvest handling biological products for storage of apples are presented. It is established that the use of antioxidants of guanidine in storage of apple fruits in coolers reduce losses and extends the qualitative state of the fruit.