Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the overall system of measures aimed at increasing in the yield of orchards and their annual fruiting, it is of great importance to protect the industrial plantations from vermins and diseases dominant in the region. The main meth-od of combating of fruit plants diseases is the creating of resistant varieties that allow to reduce or completely eliminate the use of fungicides in the protection systems of fruit crops orchards. In the horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, almost every second summer is favorable for the development of such diseases of fruit plants as scab and spotting. During the period of our research the epiphytoty of these diseases were observed in 2015 and 2016. The purpose of the present research is to assess the susceptibility of pear va-rieties from the Collection's garden of the EPF Centralnoe (Krasnodar) to the scab, white and brown spots, to select the varieties that are resistant to these diseases and, in addition, with the high yield capacity and fruit quality. As a result of the study of the variety fund in the pomologic col-lection of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, were selected or created the pear varieties and forms, that are of interest for industrial cultivation and are used as initial forms in the further work on breeding for the resistant plants to scab. The selected varieties and forms have economically valuable characteristics and the high quality of fruits. It is noted that the use of genetically new varieties adapted to biotic and abiotic factors will allow to obtain the environmentally friendly fruit production, in particular pears, with considerable energy and labor saving when its cultivation.

Annotation

Republic of North Ossetia � a region of mountains with a huge variety of climate, soil and topography. Its natural potential has been used long for growing of fruit crops. But always one of the factors that affect their productiveness, was the low temperature of winter and spring period. At present in connection with climate change a new limiting factors (frequency and amplitude) manifest (in time and space). Response of fruit crops to changes in weather phenomena manifests itself in the form of imbalance of phenological phases of development, since their change the discrepancy between the rhythm of development of plants in phases with a new environment manifests. The analysis of occurrence of absolute minimum temperature in December, January, February and March in various areas of Nortn Ossetia is carried out. Ontogenetic adaptation of peach species to winter-spring temperatures in Republic North Ossetia (on the phases of growth) was studied. It was reviled that temperature conditions for the last 10 years have become more severe and march has become warmer. It was increased the probability of winter damage of generative peach buds out of profound peace, has increased, and the probability of death of future yields from spring frosts has diminished.

Annotation

Biotechnological methods are used widely in the world for prolonged conservation of plants collections for further their use in the breeding and production of virus-free planting material and for conservation of gene pool and biodiversity of plants. One of the methodological approaches to the deposition of the plants is the maintenance of biological objects under the conditions of slow metabolism. It is known that in a nutrient medium, for the growth and preservation of plant material in vitro, the various organic substances having a high osmotic activity are added. The researchers note that increased concentration of sucrose (4-5%) in the nutrient medium inhibited the growth of cells without causing tox-ic effects, and therefore can be used to maintain cultures in a state of rest over a long period of time. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of sucrose concentrations the growth processes of grapes mericlones for prolonged storage of plants in the collection in vitro. When cultivated in vitro, we used the sucrose concentration from 10 to 90 g/l, and evaluated the reaction of different grapes varieties to higher concentrations. In our experiment we carried out the cultivation without replanting of 12 grapes varieties for 9 months at a sucrose concentration of 70 g/l while the plants were viable. It was proved that by reducing of sucrose content in the nutrient medium from 70,0 g/l to 60.0 g/l the duration of deposit of different grapes varieties elongated to 1 year. By carried out research we have been found the deceleration of growth processes and the possibility of elongation of cultivation without replanting to create a collection of grapes in vitro.

Annotation

The article presents an analysis of the state of the nation nursery as a whole, notes the main problems and presents the possible ways to solve them. The deficit of own basic virus-free mother plantation and nurseries is one of the main reasons blocking the intensive development of horticulture in the Krasnodar Region. The transfer of nursery to the production of a healthy virus-free planting material is a priority to day. The scheme of plants healthy creating in-cludes several stages: phytosanitary and pomological monitoring, isolation of the initial plants; testing and retesting for the virus carrier; plant improvement car-ried out by a meristem manner under in vitro conditions; laying and maintenance of mother plant nursery of healthy plants; reproduction of a healthy planting material. The improving process is the most expensive stage in the planting material production scheme, which is subsidized in the developed countries by the State, and it in the end affects the cost of the seedling. In the our State we don't have such support, therefore there is an unequal competition with the foreign producers. In addition, there is no system of accreditation (certification) of nursery farms capable to produce the high-quality certified planting material in the Russia, and the planting material from small private nurseries is not of high quality. The absence of nurseries quarantine affects the phytosanitary condition of the seedlings, and an infected plant material enters in the country. Among the most dangerous diseases, it is noted the increase in the spreading of bacterial burn (Erwynia amilovora), of bacterial necrosis (or stem cancer � Pseudomonas syringae), root cancers (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), plum pox (Plum pox potyvirus), strawberry anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ), etc. There is a problem of import dependence on ensure of specialized technology for nursery farming. The conclusion is: only the elimination of existing problems can bring the nursery closer to world standards.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to study the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors the growth, development and formation of the photosynthetically active surface of grapes plants. The research was carried out in 2015 in a stationary field experiment in the EPF of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-Making, in the Riesling Rheinsky vineyard under the conditions of an abnormal man-ifestation of weather factors with an acute deficit of atmospheric precipitation. A differentiated effect of the planting scheme of bushes on the growth of grapes shoots and leaves was established in the process of research. The rate of vine development is closely depended on the genetically de-termined reaction of the variety to the anthropogenic and natural factors of cultivation. It is shown that the most influenced slowing down of the growth processes of the grapes plants are the densified ways for bushes placing with a row spacing of 2.5 m. The most active growth processes are observed in the orchards with a row spacing of 3.0 m. Under stressed plant growth conditions, the most active growth of shoots is noted at an average density of planting bushes of grapes � 3.0 × 1.5 m. With compacted arrangement of bushes, 4000 pcs / ha according to the scheme 2.5 × 1.0 m, the growth activity of shoots is much lower. Crown of grapes bushes in such orchards are poorly lit, leaves receive less solar energy. It is noted that the growth rate of the leaf blade is similar to that of shoot growth. The largest leaves were at a density of bushes of 3.0 × 1.5 m. We made a conclusion that a differentiated approach when using different schemes of planting bushes in the grapes plantations allows to controll the growth processes of grapes plants.

Annotation

In this article it has been established that the introduction in the vineyards soil of hydrogels with high degree of increase of volume in the conditions of the seaside plain of the Daghestan has had a positive effect on the grapes productivity. The most favorable conditions of water supply for Rkacitelli grapes were identified in a variant of hydrogel using at a dose of 40 kg/ha at a depth of 0,4 m. The application of hydrogel contributed to the increase in the average weight of bunches at 6,13% compared with the control, and it allowed to have 4-12 c/ha of additional products. It is shown, that the improvement of water supply of grapes plants in the case of hydrogel using has enhanced the efficiency of intro-duced nitrogen fertilizers. In a variant with fertilizers the increase in crop yield of grapes compared to control is 10 c/ha, and in the same option of hydrogel using additionally it was received the addition-al products of 15-27 c/ha. It is established that the improving of the conditions of vineyards cultivation through the agric and melliorative activities undertaken contributed to the increase in the mass sugar concentration in the berries juice by 6,15 g/dm3. It is shown that the relatively high prices of hydrogel caused the high costs to 74900 rub/ha for the grapes production in the first year of absorbent use and profit increase relative to control by 3850 rub/ha. However, in the second year the cost of hydrogel application in the vineyards soil were repaid in full and the additional income of 23700 rub/ha has been received in the hydrogel option, and 44625 rub/ha � in the option of hydrogel + fertilizer. The profitability of grapes production when using hydrogel was 163,2 %.

Annotation

Industrial lands of hazelnut need protection from water erosion, so the new plantation must use the technology with protection against erosion. Thanks to well developed root system and the longevity the hazelnut plants are used for reducing water erosion of soils, and consolidation of slopes. Biological features of hazelnut is the ability to form numerous stem, which is an important element in the formation of erosion protective orchards. We have been carried out the experience to create a new design of hazelnuts orchards, providing the high yielding and organization of stem over year. In the experience we used domestic hazelnut variety of native breeding � Cherkesskiy 2. The field and laboratory methods are used in research, as well as the methodology and program of fruit, nut and berry crops breeding. Over 10 years of research the productivity of hazelnuts, when stem were preserved in the lower half-meter of the area, was higher by 52.3% than one in the control (standard formation of intensive type), and by 62.5 % more than at the standard formation of type "Tatura", and by 2.6 times more in comparison with the cultivation system of hazelnuts by bushes. This advantage is achieved due to the greater mass of nuts and their amount. We made conclusion, that the design of erosion control of hazelnuts orchards is very promising from a position higher (by 2 time) yields of high quality nuts. This orchard construction is a big resource to prevent a soil erosion, to increase in fertility, to suppress weeds, to provide a mechanized harvesting, to reduce in the cost for removing of stem and it delivers more than twice the increase in economic indicators of nuts production.

Annotation

The main feature and principal essence of the current stage of agricultural production is the need to increase its efficiency in the face of the need to reduce the consumption of energy resources, while not reducing, but increasing in the productivity of cultivated crops. Today, one way to increase in the quantity and quality of grapes yield and produced wine from it is to apply foliar fertilizers and surfactants in the tank mixtures of pesticides that increase in their efficiency. This article outlines the results of a study conducted in 2015-2016 on the biological regulation as to the application of a liquid complex fertilizer �Nutri-Fait PK� and surfactant �Spartan� in the orchards of winemaking and table grapes varieties in the South Coast and South-Western viticultural regions of the Crimea. The preparations of interest were added to tank mixture of pesticides during the chemical treatment of grapevines in the following phases of grapes plants development: "before bloom"; "after bloom" and "closure of berries into clusters." The results obtained in the course of carried out research evidenced the positive impact of �Nutri-Fait PK� and �Spartan� preparations on the yield and quality of winemaking grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Kesha table variety. It was found that the three-stage spraying of the vineyards with the preparations under investigation significantly increases in the biomass buildup of the above-ground grapes bush parts (up to 22% as compared to standard). The grapes yield capacity increases the yields up to 9-12 %, as well increases in accumulation of sugar in the juice of the berries by 0,5-0,6 g/100 sm3, thus speeding up the ripening of the grapes in the conditions of the South Coast and South-Western Crimea.

Annotation

The aim of this work was to study the effect of prospective in viticulture growth regulators on some morpho-anatomical and biochemical characteristics of grape berries to establish the prospects of their use for improving of transportability and keeping quality of grape products in case of prolonged storage. The novelty of our research is the fact that for the first time given a comprehensive assessment of the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action on the stability of the grapes during transportation and storage is given and the mechanisms to improve the transportability and the keeping quality of grapes production under influence of the tested growth reg-ulators are identified. This article presents the results of studying of promising plant growth regulators influence the anatomical, morphological and biochemical parameters of berries of late ripening grapes varieties, cultivated in the soil-climatic conditions of Daghestan. Research work was carried out at the production-experimental base of Dagestan experimental breeding station of viticulture and horticulture (Derbent). It is revealed the increase of the mechanical firm of the berries, the thickness of the skin and its share in the composition of the berries, the reducing of the respiration rate and mass loss of the berries after harvesting and during storage of grapes. The mechanical properties of berries are improved by treatment with gibberellin and by a mixture dropp and mival. The combined use of gibberellin with dropp and mival enhances the effect of drugs and makes it the most effective. The results of our research showed that the application of growth regulators on seed table grapes to improve the mechanical properties of the berries and bunches are very promising. Studied in the experiment preparations are proposed to be included in the technologies of table grapes production, intended for transportation and prolonged storage.

Annotation

The problems of soil degradation, especially their salinization, are one of the main research objects in the world. In the Krasnodar Territory, the problem of soil salinization is particularly relevant in the vineyards of the Taman Peninsula. To develop the measures to combat a soil degradation, including salinity, it is necessary to identify the sources of their salinity. The aim of this research is to identify the sources of soil salinization in the vineyards of the South of Taman for further development of measures to combat their degradation. The research area is represented by an inclined marine stratum plain with a thin cover at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain, composed of salt deposits. It is revealed that the salts migrate from the slopes of the mountain with surface and intrasoil waters, and they are a source of salinization of the underlying territories occupied by grapes plantations. The results of the study show that these processes are most intensively manifested in the bottoms of troughs and gullies originating at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain. In the upper part of the inclined marine stratum plains, the saline soil differences were noted not only in the bottom of the trough, but also on the adjacent plots of an even slope of 5-8 m wide on each side. The expansion of the wetting area towards the flat part of the studied area leads to an increase in the area of waterlogged and to a varying degree of saline soils. There is a progressive growth of degradation processes in the soils that lead to oppression and premature death of grapes plants. To develop the ways to prevent soil degradation under vine plantations, additional research is needed on the dependence of grapes' productivity on the depth of saline soil, chemical and salinity degree.

Annotation

In modern wine-making, a concentrated grapes must, including rectified must, is widely used to provide the necessary conditions for the content of sugars in the production of semi-dry and semi-sweet table wines. This product is also allowed to use at the wort stage to increase the alcohol content of wines, in the case of unfavorable weather conditions, when the mass concentration of sugars in the grapes is not sufficient. However, often instead of grapes concentrated must the surrogates or falsifications are introduced in the market, the use of which is forbidden for the wine production. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the information presented in various documents and literature on the quality indicators of grapes concentrated wort and methods for their control. The Institute "Magarach" is working on the study of the grapes must concentrated to search and justify the indicators, used for identification of its origin. It is shown that the share of such indicators as the proportion of tartaric and citric acids in the total amount of acids, and the content of sucrose in the total amount of sugars, and the ratio of glucose / fructose content differ in the samples of grapes and non-grapes origin. The normative documents of Russia, and the European Union and the International Organization of grapes and wines devoted to methods for assessing the quality and authenticity of grapes juices and concentrated worts are analyzed. The additional indicators for control of grapes origin and quality of concentrated grapes must are selected as the profile of organic acids and sugars, pH, electrical conductivity; content of sorbic and benzoic acids and their salts, hydroxymethylfurfural.

Annotation

The search for a rational way to ensure of long-term colloid stability of wines is one of the urgent tasks of modern wine-making. A complex of biopolymers plays a key role in the formation of colloidal dimness. To ensure the guaranteed stability of the wines against colloidal dimness, it is necessary to destroy these complexes to low-molecular substances, which can not cause the turbidity. For this aim the wine-making enterprises use the enzyme preparations imported from European countries, but the recommendations for their use do not always correspond to the specifics of Russian grapes and wine. The aim of this work is to study the new enzyme preparations for evaluating their hydrolytic ability against biopolymers of grapes wines. The article shows the effect of new enzyme preparations on the composition and quantity of biopolymers in white (Shardone) and red (Cabernet-Sauvignon) table wines. In the experiments, the enzyme preparations with complex activity were used. It was shown the high hydrolytic activity of the preparations towards to biopolymers of wort and wine. The research carried out on white and red table wine materials, prone to colloquial dimness, confirmed the effectiveness of new preparations in comparison with the known ones. The dosage of the preparations studied was 1.2-1.4 times lower than that of the known analogues. New information has been obtained on the deep hydrolysis of complexes of wine biopolymers, including protein-polyphenol-polysugar complexes, to low-molecular compounds � amino acids, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. It has been established that the new enzyme preparations hydrolyze the colloids of the wine-materials in different ways, so the resistance of the wine against colloidal dimness is not the same. The best results were obtained when processing the Chardonnay variety with enzymatic preparations of the UVAZIM series, and the processing the Cabernet-Sauvignon with Lalzaim IEX-VI and Uvazim Extra.

Annotation

The wine aroma is the composition complex and depends on a number of aromatic substances of various origin. The set of secondary flavors in the wine highly depends on the initial grapes variety and the yeast race used for fermentation. Therefore, the study of fermentation mechanisms in which yeast participate belongs to one of the main tasks of the wine-making. In the wine industry, the active dry yeast preparations from France, Italy and many other countries are being intensively used. Their use has many advantages, associated with the acceleration of the process of preparing yeast wiring, and providing the high organoleptic indicators of wines. In order to reveal the patterns of formation of aroma-forming components in the vinification process of dry red wines, the grapes of the Cabernet-Sauvignon were processed according to two technological schemes using the yeast of the Teruar ITC and the IEC 9000 Premium of different concentration. The content of aroma-forming components was determined on a gas-liquid chromatograph "Kristall 2000 M". The dynamics of the change in the concentration of aromatic substances, depending on the active dry yeast race and the method of vinification, was studied. It was found that the obtained wine materials had an un-homogeneous composition of aroma-forming components, in total more than 30 aromatic substances were found. Their greatest formation was observed in the samples, fermented on the pulp with the use of yeast of the IEC 9000 Premium, regardless of their concentration. In spite of this fact, the wine materials produced with the participation of the Teruar MEC were characterized by good organoleptic indicators. In conclusion, it is noted that the used yeast races can be recommended for introduction into the wine industry.

Annotation

In the process of apple varieties selection for intensive cultivation technology the very important are the characteristics of variety efficiency, including growth vigor and crown volume of a tree as well as the high rates of adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits, at the same time the preference is given to dwarf varieties or to varieties with a middle growth vigor. Assessment and selection of apple varieties with the specified signs were the purpose of our work. The programs and techniques of selection and variety study of fruit crops are used in a work. The research was carried out in the field and laboratory experiments. The objects of research are apple-tree genotypes (Malus x domestica Borkh) of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the article the results of studying of apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Institute collection are presented. The studied varieties are divided into three groups: dwarf, below than average and average height of trees. All colon forms of the Belarusian breeding have the weak growth vigor and compact crown (from 0,18 to 0,46 m3), but in the same time they have insufficient quality of fruits for the Southern zone of gardening. The apple varieties of Piros, Elisa, Topaz, etc. are in the group of the trees below average height, their growth vigor varies from 2,2 m (Piros) to 2,4 m (Topaz). Height of trees of average growth vigor � from 2,55 m (Honey Cris-pus) to 2,75 m (Blagovest). The growth vigor of the apple krebs studied in the experience varies from 1,7 m (Krasnopolosatoye) to 1,9 m (Kitayka Malinovaya), and crown volume � from 0,2 m3 (Krasnopolosatoye) to 0,92 m3 (Dolgo). For use in the breeding and for creation of intensive orchards the perspective dwarf apple varieties with compact crown and blend fructifica-tion are revealed.

Annotation

Enzymatic processing is one of the most promising direction of intensification of wine production processes. Entering into the pulp of enzyme preparations provides a qualitative extraction of the necessary amount of coloring substances and the achievement of the required intensity of color and completeness of taste. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the enzyme preparation of Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials. The determination of physical and chemical parameters of wine materials and wines was carried out according to the standard methods adopted in the wine industry. In order to establish the effect of the enzyme preparation Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials, an experiment was carried out, which included the introduction of this preparation into the pulp of the Magia grapes by doses of 3, 4 and 5 g / 100 kg of grapes. The preparing of wine materials was carried out under microprocessing conditions according to a single technological scheme. It is established that the use of enzyme preparations increases in the concentration of titrated acids by 0.2-0.5 g / dm3, and the extract � by 1.2-2 g / dm3. The experimental samples had a high alcohol content (13.0-13.4% vol), and a low concentration of residual sugar (1.8-2.6 g / dm3) and volatile acids (0.58-0.65 g / dm3). Basic organic acids were within the limits of their optimal content in the table wines. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the treatment of pulp with a pectolytic preparation is promising as a method of accumulating of organic acids. The use of the enzyme preparation reduces in the duration of fermentation, reduces in the turbidity of the wine material, and facilitates its clarification. The indicator of the color intensity in the experimental wine materials is higher than one in the control. The positive effect from the introduction of the enzyme preparation is already observed at a dose of 3-4 g / 100 kg, therefore it can be considered the optimal dosage of this enzyme preparation is 4 g / 100 kg of grapes.