Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The creation of new apple varieties is a long and laborious process involving several successive stages: the breeding work, the primary study, and State variety tasting. The appearance of new methods in biology, and in particular in molecular biology, requires a rethinking of the approach to the canonical principles of breeding. One of the perspective directions of increase in efficiency of the breeding process on culture of apple-tree is the use of modern methods of the genome molecular genetic analysis based on DNA markers. A combination of classical breeding techniques with DNA analysis of the original forms and hybrid populations is a promising direction of research related to the intensification of the process of genotypes creation with the specific parameters of valuable selective important features Biological objects of our research were the seedlings of apple hybrid fund of academician's of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.I. Saveliev. This article shows the results of the DNA analysis of hybrid seedlings of apple trees on the loci of monogenic resistance to scab (Rvi6 gene) and of columnar growth habit (Co gene) to identify the genotypes with a complex of valuable signs. In the studied combinations of crosses the number of apple seedlings, combining the immunity to scab with the columnar habit of the tree's crown (genotype Rvi6 + Co), was 33.3-40.9 per cent. In the process of our studying it is identified the promising for breeding apple seedlings with genotype of Rvi6Rvi6 + Coco, the involvement of which In the hybridization as the native forms will significantly intensify the breeding process, ensuring the receipt of up to 100 % of seedlings with monogenic resistance to scab and up to 50% of seedlings with columnar growth habit.

Annotation

The most effective way to create a great apple hybrid triploid fund is the crossing of different chromosome forms of diploid x tetraploid and tetraploid x diploid. A limited set of tetraploid forms is a limiting factor for this direction of breeding. Therefore, the identification and study of new tetraploid apple forms is an important task, and a systematic cytoembryological control is essential to the success of effective breeding work. The aim of our study was cytoembryological analysis of embryological structures in the formation of the female gametophyte in some tetraploid apple forms for their use in breeding at the polyploidy level. The object for study of the female generative sphere was three tetraploid apple forms: Melba (4x), form 30-47-88 and form 25-37-47. The study is carried out in the cytoembriological laboratory of the FSBSI "All Russian Research In-stitute of Fruit Crop Breeding". Features of formation of ovules and embryonic bads of apple plants were studied on permanent preparations, prepared in accordance with generally accepted methods of cytological analysis. This article presents the cytoembryological characteristic of female gametophyte formation of the studied tetraploid ap-ple forms included as initial forms in breeding of this crop at the polyploid level. It is shown by the results of the analysis that tetraploid forms of 25-37-47, 30-47-88, Melba (4x) can be recommended to use in breeding of apple on a polyploidy level as the original parent forms. However, the high self-pollination of 30-47-88 forms is determined in the special experiences, and when you include it in intervalence crossing as a mother it is necessary to make a castration of the flowers to increase in the yield of apple triploid hybrid posterity.

Annotation

In the structure of modern grapes plantations in the Republic of Daghestan the economical characteristic of the vine plants resistance to adverse environmental cultivation conditions, and to diseases and pests is particularly important. The aim of our work is the genetic breeding of highly productive grapes varieties of various using, phylloxera-resistant and resistant to fungal diseases and adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of growing region. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance to fungal diseases and pests of the grapes seedlings (hybrid forms) of new selection of DSTSVH. Research work was carried out on the experimental basis of Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture in a collection of varieties and forms. Primary study of hybrid seedlings was carried out according to the M. lazarevskiy method. The results of our study show the expediency of using in the step and inter hybrid crosses between highly productive and local adapted grapes varieties as the female parent. On the hard infectious background, without protective measures, the grapes genotypes resistant to environmental conditions and biotic stresses are selected. It is noted, that advisable to use in the breeding process of new varieties creating of the local adaptive grapes varieties and the new varieties with valuable signs significant in the breeding. With using of varieties � donors of stability and step inter hiybrid crossings it is possible to increase in the resistance of grapes plants to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The results of our research have shown that as donors of resistance to mildew and phylloxera the use of Antey Magarachsky, Pervenets Magaracha and Moldova varieties are promising.

Annotation

When analyzing the state of viticulture development of the Russia it was noted in the assortment the lack of early varieties of table grapes with high storability and transportability, and high-quality technical varieties, resistant to adverse environmental factors. Now the domestic grapes varieties of technical direction become more and more popular. The creation of new high quality varieties resistant to frost, variousdiseases and pests is the access to a market for ecological viticulture and for production of qualitative domestic wines. Creating of high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera technical grapes varieties for own-rooted culture using hybridization method is the most promising direction of breeding in which the problem of combating phylloxera is solved most radically. This article presents the results of the work of breeders of Anapa's experimental station for the creation and study of new hybrid grapes forms of table and technical direction, and it was given the detailed morphological characteristics of selected hybrid forms. In the hybridization the best achievements of domestic and foreign breeding of interspecific origin were used. In recent years, the breeders of Anapa's zonal experimental station of viticulture and winemaking were selected the hybrid forms of new generation that correspond to modern requirements of high quality domestic wine. Also the significant work has been done on varieties of table direction, characterized by a large bunches and berries, with unusual shape, beautiful color and high taste qualities. The new selected hybrid grapes form of AZESV&W breeding, that have a high potential of productivity and quality, it is necessary to reproduct further and transfer them to the State tasting.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the evaluation of field resistance of plum varieties of domestic and foreign breeding for dominant diseases � clasterosporium and monilia under the conditions of the Prikubansky zone of fruit growing of Krasnodar territory. The main objective of the research was the evaluation of plum resistance of varieties different ecological and geographical origin and selection of highly resistant and resistant to the main diseases varieties, depending on the current years environmental conditions and variety biological features, as well as determination of dependence of yield formation on the degree of the disease. It is established that the degree of manifestation of clasterosporium and monilia depends on weather conditions (air temperature, precipitation) and biological characteristics of the varieties. Noted that the main organs of destruction are the inflorescences and foliage of plants. It is shown that the strong defeat of plum inflorescences by monilia significantly reduced the number of forming fruits, leading to a significant reduction of yield. Lesion of plum trees foliage by clasterosporium did not influence significantly the decline in harvest of current year, however, led to the premature defoliation, deterioration of trees adversely affected the fruit quality and the formation of fruit buds of next year's yield. On the background of the epidemics of clasterosporium and monilia the plum varieties of domestic breeding are selected with complex resistance to both diseases � Milena, Podruga, Charodeyka and Niva, of the varieties of foreign selection � Cacharskaya, Cacharskaya Pozdnia, Sten-ley, Empress and Grossa di Felicio, with these varieties can be expanded the adaptive zoned assortment and to lay the intense plum planting in the South of Russia.

Annotation

The article presents the results of study of cherry cultivars different ecological-geographical origin resistant to most harmful diseases � to coccomicosis and monilia, significantly reducing the stability and productivity of perennial plants in the conditions of the Kuban zone of gardening of Krasnodar Region. The aim of the research is the selection of cherry cultivars steady to the main diseases, the determining productivity, fruit quality and stability of fruit production under conditions of biotic stresses and also the improvement on the basis of selected varieties of modern cherry assortment in the South of the country. The results of the field stability evaluation of different cherry varieties, domestic breeding and introduced, to the main diseases are presented. It is found that the heavy defeat of the studied diseases of cherry's leaves and fruits leads to the reduction of the generative activity of cherry cultivars, expressed in lower yields. As a result of study the domestic cherry varieties of new generation � Kazachka, Alexa, Vstrecha, Novella, combining a complex resistance to coccomycosis and to monilia are selected. The conjugation of the varieties resistance with the formation of the biological potential of productivity, yield capacity and fruit quality is shown. Based on these data, it is selected the group of the most productive cherries varieties, shown in a stressful environment the greater resistance to abiotic factors and high yield: in the range of 15-20 kg/tree or 10-13 t/hectar at planting scheme 5�3m. On the results of our evaluation these native varieties of Alexa, Dombasia, Kazachka, Kirina, and Molodezhnaya have recommended to expand the cherry assortment in the Kuban area of horticulture of the Krasnodar Region

Annotation

The aim of the research is to assess the collection material of strawberry for use in breeding and in industrial production. The results of evaluation of varieties from strawberry collection on complex of properties are presented in the article. Collection of strawberry consists of 139 accessions of different ecological and geographical origin. The generally accepted in Russian Federation techniques as well as the Programme of the North Caucasian Centre for breeding fruit, berry, flower-decorative crops and grapes for the period up to 2030 are used in the work. The research have shown that 23 strawberry samples from the collection are the early ripening, 106 varieties � medium term and 10 varieties are late ripening. On the type of fruiting the varieties are divided into two groups: fruiting once (99 varieties) and neutral-day (40 varieties). From 40 neutral-day varieties, 33 varieties � with white flowers and 7 varieties � with rose flowers. The collection is stored 39 donors of economically valuable signs. To carry out a breeding program for strawberry in the process of hybridization was included 22 varieties from the collection. As a donor, showed the highest genetic quality, was the Marmolada. In the period 2015-2016, the collection was filled with 4 varieties: Aliani, Malling Opal, Vivaldi, Evis Delight. The distribution of the varieties for agronomic characteristics (yield, large-fruited, density of berries) is presented. The varieties with high fruitage, large fruit size and high density of berries are selected. On the complex of the best indicators of the studied signs the commercial perspective have the new varieties of collection � Tahira, Kemya, Vima Tarda, Galia. It is noted the necessity of introduction and studying of new strawberry cultivars for the improvement of the zonal assortment

Annotation

Huge shortage of hazelnut kernels in the Russian Federation it is possible to eliminate not only by the expansion of space for plants of this species, but with the implementation in production of new highly efficient technologies and by the using in the industrial plantations of high-yielding and high-technological varieties. With the development of agricultural production and transfer to deeper processing of the fruits, the requirements to the fruits production are changed. The fruits of the nut should be rounded, with high output kernels (not below 48 %), easy to separate from the shell, the nut peel should have a low cork, calibre of kernel is 13-15 mm. For more than 40 years on the territory of Krasnodar nut state variety plot of FSBI "Cossortcomissia", with the assistance of scientists of the Kuban State Agrarian University, more than forty varieties of hazelnut were tested. Organization of experience, surveys and observations were conducted by us in accordance with the Program and methods of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut crops. The agricultural care and protection of walnut plantations from pests and diseases were carried out according to the regional norms recommended for the protection of fruit plants. Based on the long-term testing it have been selected the varieties recommended for industrial hazelnut growing, suitable for efficient cultivation in the considered horticulture areas of the Krasnodar Region. There are high-technological introduced varieties: from Azerbaijan � Ata-Baba and from countries of Western Europe � Louise, Gustav, Buttner, Kadetten, Chudo Bollvillera with large fruits capable for production. For use in the landscape design it is possibly to use the hazelnut varieties of Academic Yablokov, Moscovskiy Rubin and Italian variety of Purpurea.

Annotation

Phenological observations of plants varieties development in the various zones of cultivation have a great scientific and practical significance and are an indispensable element of industrial and biological study of grapes varieties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the peculiarities of the passage of phenophases by Crimean autochthonous grapes varieties in the conditions of the mountain-valley Crimea. The article presents the results of observations and study of the main phe-nological phases of 11 varieties of Crimean grapes with black berries and white berries under the soil and climatic conditions of LLC "Solnechnaya Dolina". As a control, Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon are taken. The earliest blossoming of buds among black grapes varieties was noted for Crohna variety � 23.04. Among varieties with white berries, the early date of budding is established for the Sary Pandas variety � 22.04. Among the varieties with black berries t he Crohna blossomed early of all (03.06), among the white-flowered varieties the earliest bloom was found for the varieties of Sary Pandas and Kok Pandas (04.06). The results of three-year studying show that, with an average spread of 5 to 8 days, the average flowering of the grapes plants is within seven days. There is an equal period from the beginning of bud blossoming to the beginning of flowering (43-45 days), and only for the control variety of Cabernet Sauvignon it reaches 46 days. It has been established that the grapes varieties studied for the duration of the growing season (from the beginning of bud budding to industrial fruit fullness) are medium-late (147-155 days). The sum of the active tem-peratures at this stage of plant development is 578-638 �C.

Annotation

Winter hardiness of fruit plants must be regarded as genetically determined property, the implementation of which depends on the physiological state of trees in the process of cultivation, and also from photosynthetic activity of leaves. The development of frost resistance and the loss of this property is significantly associated with changes of water state in the fruit plants tissues. For assessment of changes in water balance are increasingly using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) of ice formation processes in the organs and tissues of plants. The aim of our work is to analyse a number of cherry cultivars for winter hardiness using the DTA meth-od providing for the thermal analysis of ice formation in the tissues of studied plants. The objects of our study were one-year shoots and buds on the trees of 10 cherry cultivars in the orchards of 1997 planting. Definition of exothermic processes in the shoots of cherry trees with generative buds was carried out in the different periods of winter. The data obtained of the analysis of ice formation by thermographic method allowed to clearly identify the features of heat dissipation in the shoot's tissues of cherry cultivars with different frost resistance. It is noted, when the plants are going from dormancy, there are changes of water and physical parameters of the tissues, accompanied by a deepening of the front of ice formation in the most varieties at 1-6 �C. The carried out comprehensive analysis al-lowed us to divide the studied cherry varieties into groups for winter hardiness: highly resistant varieties are the Alpha and the Turgenevka, the varieties with intermediate resistance � Radost, Favorit, Nochka, North Star, Podbelskaya, and varieties with low winter hardiness � Rebetskaya Krasavitsa, Donetskiy Velican and Chudo-Vishnia.

Annotation

The main grapes production in the Russian Federation are concentrated under an unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. However, it is known when there is the deviation of habitat conditions from the optimal values, the grapes plants are in the stress, the processes of differentiation of embryonic inflorescences are broken, the productive zone of the shoots carrying the potential harvest of grapes is replaced. Under these conditions the special agronomic solutions to manage the stress resistance of vineyards are required. The purpose of this work is to establish the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting and to optimize the parameters of the pruning length of the grapes shoots. The object of the study is the most common grapes variety of Aligoté. The study were carried out in the different agrical-ecological zones of covered and not covered viticulture under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. Embryonic grapes fruitage was determined in a period of deep (physiological) retire, using the microscopy method of central wintering buds on the shoots. Long-term observations show that the embryonic fruiting of Aligote grapes depends not only on the temperature conditions of cultivating place, it was also noted the variation of this ratio along the length of the shoot. In the process of our research the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting are found and the regulation of pruning length of Aligote grapes with the determination of the optimal length of shoots are optimized. According to the obtained results the coefficient of the embryonic fruitfulness of studied cultivars varies from 1.30 to 1.47 and has a close dependence on average daily temperature. Based on the results of the experiment we concluded that plantations of Aligote grapes will have the greatest economic productivity when the shoots pruning of plants is on 9 buds.

Annotation

The most accurate criterion for determining of the length of the grapes shoots pruning is the productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences. To obtain a high yield when pruning, it is necessary to leave the area of shoot with the maximum number of embryonic flower clusters and to remove the less productive zone. Productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences varies according to the length of the shoot and depends on the biology of the species. Pruning, maintaining the productive zones of the shoots race, contributes to the solution of the actual problem for the providing of stable development of the viticulture industry. The aim of this work is to found the conformity to natural lows of embryonic inflorescences forming and to optimize the pruning length of shoots of Pervenets Magaracha grapes. Long study in the field (for 11 years) has carried out under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia in the central viticulture zone of Krasnodar Region. The object of research is the technical grapes of Pervenets Magaracha. Embryonic fruiting of plants was determined in a period of plants deep rest by microscopy of central wintering buds on the shoots of the grapes. The research re-vealed the conformity to natural lows of differentiated forming embryonic inflorescences along the shoots length of the studied grapes varieties. The fruiting coefficient (K1) of embryonic shoots in the central buds varied by years in the range of 0.8 to 1.78, the productivity coefficient (K2)varied from 1,37 to 1,52. On average for the 11 years of observation, these indicators are, respectively, 1.4 and 1.6. It is shown that the number of embryonic inflorescences and also the coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness increase when the bads are far from the base of the shoots. The highest values of the coefficients are in the area of 9-10 buds. To get the most fruitage of Pervenets Magaracha grapes it is recommended the long pruning of fruit shoots for 10 buds.

Annotation

The soil factor, according to option of many leading native and foreign scientists, is of great importance for a grapes plant, and its influence is shown not only in harvest size, but substantially determines the quality of fresh grapes and products of its conversion, first of all wines. Analyzing the soil maps of the Krasnodar Region, it was noted that often the industrial orchards of vineyards of heterogeneous structure, and a small area can be several different soils, causing a various grapes growing conditions. In this connection, there was a need to study the impact of the specific soil conditions in the grapes plant, harvest and quality of wines. We have carried out a study of Merlot grapes in different soil types, located within the same area of vineyards, with the same agro-technical background and management system. It was found that an increasing in number of shoots and inflorescences, increases in the yield on brown forest soils and more intense growth processes of the Merlot grapes are formed. On black soil the grapes plant increase in plenty of bunches, the fruiting rates and fruitfulness, the sugar content and the acidity of berries is reduced. The research shows that ordinary black soil provides the higher quality of grapes and dry table wine material by increasing in the volume fraction of the ethanol and content of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins. The carried out research results are of scientific interest for predicting of grapes and wine quality under the different soil conditions.

Annotation

In the All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Magarach" jointly with specialists of brunch the work on the specification of requirements for assortment and quality of grapes, and bulk wines and finished products was carried out, as well as study to improve the technology of Muscat sparkling wines in the Southern coast of Crimea was made. The article shows that a significant problem in the production of Muscat sparkling wines is the fact that the main raw material for their production � the grapes of Muscat varieties (the Muscat White, the Muscat Pink, the Muscat Alexandria, etc.), are usually susceptible to the various diseases (in particular, susceptible to oidium). In this regard, the yield and quality of grapes can be significantly reduced, and as a result, there may be a shortage of raw materials for the production of Muscat wines. A solution to this problem is the use of new grape varieties with increased resistance to disease. Given the above, the aim of this work was to study the dynamics of accumulation and preservation of terpene alcohols in the sparkling wines from new grape varieties depending on variety, places of growth of plants and year of harvesting. Sparkling wines were prepared according to the current standard documentations, there were carried out determination of the main parameters of wines regulated by GOST 33336-2015. The content of terpenes in the sparkling wines from new varieties of the Institute "Magarach" breeding (Citron Magaracha, Aligote, Muscat, Riesling Muscat) was higher than that in the control samples from Muscat White. These varieties can be recommended for making sparkling wines with muscat aroma.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying of the Kupresocyparis Leuland varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for the main adaptive features: winter hardiness, drought resistance and resistance to dominant diseases. An estimation of decorative attributes of varieties is carried out. The purpose of the research is to identify the most adaptive and maximally decorative Cupressocyparis Leylandii varieties under the conditions of increasing in abiotic and biotic stresses and to expand on their basis a modern assortment of evergreen plants for gardening and creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia. The results of a comprehensive assessment of the introduced varieties of Cupressocyparis Leylandii: Leightons Green, Variegata, Gold Rider, Castlewellan Gold, 2001, Blue Jeans are presented. It is established that the decorative indexes of plants are determined by varieties specificity, especially relative resistance to diseases and pests to specific conditions of growth. Of the 5 varieties studied by us, the most adaptive, combining resistance to temperature stresses (drought-resistant, winter-hardy), major diseases and pests with high decorative signs (architectonics of the crown, color of the fir-needles, vitality, long decorative period) are distinguished from 5 varieties. These are the Leuson Green, Variegata, and Gold Rider varieties. The selected varieties for a set of valuable attributes, are classified as well adapted to the weather and climatic conditions of the Region and highly ornamental plant groups, recommended for widespread use in the landscapes for creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia.