Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the breeding of grapes, the presence of muscat aroma in the berries is a valuable feature. The Muscat grapes varieties have different shades of aroma: an ordinary aroma, spicy, the smell of an orange flower, the shade of tea rose and others. The origin of grapes varieties with muscat flavor has not yet been established. The absence of muscat forms among wild grapevines and the dominance of this feature in hybrid progeny allow us to suggest that this sign is originated in the culture. Muscat aroma is characterized by the accumulation of monoterpenoids in the berries. Monoterpenoids are found in significant concentrations in the grapes of Muscat group and in moderate ones in some other aromatic varieties. A number of studies have shown that the accumulation of monoterpenoids in a grape berry is associated with the gene VvDXS. In the present paper, we investigate the fragment of the sequence of the gene VvDXS in the grapes varieties with muscatel flavor to study the possibility of creation of DNA marker for breeding. The main method used in the study are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of reaction products by using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. Muscat varieties Novoukrainskiy Ranniy, Frumoasa Albe, Barkhatnyi, Astanikskiy, Irshai Oliver, Litdar, Muscat Gamburgskiy, Alina, Larni Muskatnaya and the variety without muskat aroma were studied. Polymorphism in the sequence of the studied fragment of the VvDXS gene in the studied genotypes have been identified, however, the correlation linked with the studied sign "muscat f lavor" is not revealed.

Annotation

Optimization of vine cultivars� assortment in accordance with the requirements of the time is one of the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The modern assortment of industrial viticulture must confirm to various market needs and presents the varieties with high level of productivity, quality, manufacturability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. The purpose of research is to study the physical-chemical and biochemical composition of grapes and wine from prospective grapes varieties of Serbian selection and their characteristics according to the main assessment indicators, to create the new quality wines. The results of study of new resistant varieties of Bachka, Petra, Petka, Panonia, Cosmopolita, Morava of Serbian breeding, cultivated under the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection are presented in the article. The largest harvest of grapes were obtained in the experience on the varieties of Cosmopolita and Petra. The wine from grapes Petra stands out among the studied samples of wine materials from studied grapes varieties in the total accumulation of aromatic substances � 623,96 mg/dm3. The highest testing score was for experiental wine from the Serbian grapes of Bachka and a Cosmopolita. As the result of research, it was revealed that cultivars of Cosmopolita, Petra, Bachka and Panonia are promising for the Russian wine-making and grapevine-growing industry. These varieties give a high yield of good quality and they can be recommended for growing in the soil-climatic conditions Anapa-Taman zone. These grapes varieties also can be used as sources of useful economical-breeding traits � of yields, wine quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, and that will expand the range of wine products and the boundaries of stable grapes production in the Krasnodar Region.

Annotation

When assessing the state and development of the viticulture industry of the Russian Federation, it was noted the deficiency of early seedless grapes varieties table direction in the assortment. Currently, an increasing attention to seedless grapes, which is the most popular among consumers is noted in the world. The grapes seedlessness has a great economic value, especially for varieties whose harvest is intended for fresh consumption and preparation of dried products (kishmish). In addition, kishmish grapes varieties, intended for fresh consumption, are especially suitable for children and dietary nutrition. New seedless grapes varieties of all use and ripening periods should have an increased resistance to frost, drought, diseases and pests, to have high yield capacity of good quality, and also to have a wide plasticity that would ensure high productivity under the different soil and climate conditions. The breeders of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking obtained by purposeful selection of parent pairs, the most successful combinations of crossings, from which the valuable forms were selected with complex of economic and biological signs for further study. In this article, the characteristics of promising seedless table grapes varieties of early and middle ripening of AZOSV&W breeding are presented, and their biological features are described. Table kishmish grapes are introduced into production: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Romantica characterized by beautiful appearance of bunches and berries and pleasant taste qualities. These varieties are technological, according to their agrobiological indicators, and meet the modern requirements of industrial cultivation.

Annotation

The new grapes varieties of should have ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of processes for bush caring, have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. At present, the special interest is manifested in varieties with group resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, diseases and pests that allow us to effectively cultivate their varieties in the own-root culture. This article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristic of the new table grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO when it is cultivated in the ecological conditions of Southern Dagestan. A new table variety of DSESVV breeding (hybrid form G-62) was obtained by crossing of grapes varieties of Agadai and Linyan Bely. One of the main advantages of the new grapes variety is a compact, beautiful bunch of medium-size and original star shape form. The berry is large, the skin of the berries is quite thick. The taste is simple and pleasant. The berries are hard and withstand the crushing load of 1726-1800 g, and when removed from the fruit-stem � 400-417 g. The yield capacity of a new variety at a feeding area of 3.5 x 2.0 m is 7.4-8.5 kg/bush or 105.6-121.4 centner/hectar. The resistance of the new variety to fungal diseases and pests is average and it is tolerant to the own-root form of phylloxera. The yield of 20-year-old bushes in the own-root culture is more than 100 c/hectar, therefore a new grapes variety of Souvenir DSVOSViO in the conditions of the South of Russia can be promising when cultivation of own-root culture. The selected hybrid form will transferred to the State Commission for Testing and Preservation of Breeding Achievements in 2017.

Annotation

One of the main reasons for the decline of sowing qualities of seeds and planting material is the presence of various internal defects, such as a hidden injury or damage by pests. The seeds with hidden defects can�t be sorted by the sorting machines, and so they are a constant component of all production of seeds batches. These seeds can be detected by X-ray analysis. Microfocus X-ray can be used to control the quality of seeds and to study their internal structure. The purpose of this work is the development of microfocus X-ray technique to determine the quality of fruits and seeds. Voltage, anode current and exposure time are included in the definition of the required zoom factor modes of X-ray apparatus. Mode of microfocus X-ray for control of fruits and seeds different on structure and size was selected. It was confirmed that this technique can be used to inspect the fruit and seeds of various sizes and structure. The method approbation was carried out on a large number of fruits and seeds from the collection of the Botanic Garden of Great Peter (Saint-Petersburg). It has been confirmed that the use of microfocus X-ray technique allows you to quickly select the executed seeds, not affected by pests, and use them for future planting and getting of a greater number of shoots. It was confirmed, that method can be used for analysis of seeds inside of fruits. The prospects for this technique to identify the problems with the collected seeds had been shown.

Annotation

One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected � varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening � Nocturne; winter ripening � Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening � Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties � Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.

Annotation

For evaluation of quality and authenticity of wine origin, the complex of different physical-chemical indicators is use in the world. There are the concentrations of free and connected organic acids, glycerin, the qualitative composition of phenol compounds and cations of different metals: in Switzerland � Mn, Al, B, Ba, ��, Mg, Na, Pb, Sr, Zn; in Croatia � Al, As, �e, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl; in Germany � Li, B, Mg, Fe, Zn, Sr, Sc, Pb; in Rumania � Mn, Cr, Sr, Ag, ��; in the South Republic of Africa � Al, Mn, Pb, Ba, W, Tl. Isotopes and their correlations are widely investigated. In this case as the markers those components can be selected whose value to the greatest degree depends on the special features of grapes variety and place of its cultivation. Purpose of the work is a study of the expediency of using the correlations between amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of wine authenticity. It is analyzed 537 versions of white and red table wines, produced in 2012-2016. The mass concentration of amino acids was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis. The possibility of using the corelations between some amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of authenticity of wine is provide. The following correlations are selected on the basis of correlative and regressive analysis as the criteria: the leucine : methionine, the leucine : threonine, the methionine : valine, the methionine : threonine, the proline : tyrosine, the proline : alanine, the tyrosine : alanine and the sum of amino acids : proline. The carried out research have been shown that the value of these correlations varies in the narrow limit of the values independent on the age of wine, and it is determined by the special features of grapes varieties.

Annotation

The main goal of this paper is development of methodological approach to assessment of resistance degree of stone fruit crops to phytophatogens, which could let to select forms with long-termed resistance and to get qualified and ecologically pure production with the reduce of pesticide load. As model system was used the resistance of Prunus L. hybrids to coccomycoces. Now the methods of selection of forms with horizontal resistance are very popular. The complexity of the allocation of such forms lies in the significant variability of plants defeat even on the same block. The dependence of defeat point by a number of factors (conditions of the year, location of the tree in the block, the presence of various pathogen biotypes in the population, skill of specialists, etc.) often does not allow to correctly assess the resistance of many varieties. It is confirmed by numerous publications in which data are presented on the various degree of fruit plants lesion (varieties, hybrids, rootstocks), even growing in the same geographical areas. The use of biochemical indicators related to sustainability allows us to create the rapid methods for the selection of unaffected forms. The development of such methods is related to the study of variability of biochemical parameters, and of lesion point and those relations, with the help of genetic-statistical analysis. For selection of reference forms, that is the plants with clear reaction on pathogen infection (not infected by fungus with horizontal resistance elements and with late infection progress) need to make controlled inoculation by different biotypes. The article suggests the methodological approach to the assessment of stability of stone fruit crops based on the use of the complex of biochemical, genetic and immunological and statistical methods.

Annotation

Regular phytosanitary monitoring of perennial plantations in the Western Ciscaucasian region reveals the significant functional and structural changes in the entomoxilophilic complexes under the influence of changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the widening of the species diversity of harmful xylobionts, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. Study of the species composition of xylobionts were carried out in agroecological stationary experiments and route observations of perennial fruit plantations in the areas of their industrial cultivation. For taking of biomaterial in a field study the well known methods were used. The main most informative method was examination of weak and drying trees, taking of biological samples of damaged wood parts of trees and their further laboratory research. The main reasons causing the changes in the formation of entomoxylophilic complexes of fruit agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Territory are discussed in the article. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the expansion of the species diversity of xylophagous vermins, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. As a result of study, the species composition, bioecological features and dynamics of the distribution of major xylophages have been refined. The regular monitoring, one time in decade, of the phytosanitary state of fruit crops in the region made possible note the following: a change in the species composition of the entomocenosis, an increase in the harmfulness of xylophilous vermins as a result of trees weakness of due to weather and climate factors (low winter air temperatures, recurrent frosts, "ice" rains, long drought, etc.) and anthropogenic stressors (uncontrolled application of chemical protection preparations). The analysis of the obtained allowed us to divide the entomoxylophilic complex of stone fruit agrocenoses on the groups, that damaging the perennial wood and the group that damaging the vegetative part of the plants.

Annotation

The aim of the research is to study the quality of fresh berries of table grapes for keeping their quality, depending on varietal characteristics and post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh. The article presents the results of storage of table grapes of Moldova, Podarok Zaporozh'yu, Nizina, grown in the Krasnodar Region. The grapes were treated after harvesting with a SmartFresh preparation in a closed chamber for 24 hours and stored under normal atmosphere conditions at a temperature of + 1-2 ºC and a relative humidity of 90-95 %. It is established that carrying out post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh makes it possible to better preserve the commercial qualities of grapes. It is shown that the Moldova and Nizina varieties have a high biological leaveness. In post-harvest grapes treatments with SmartFresh, the ripening of grapes went slower, and the dry matter content in berries was 18-28 % less than in the control bunches. The use of the SmartFresh inhibited the synthesis of ethylene: during storage a slight increase in ethylene in the processed variants was observed � in 1,3-2,2 times, in a control much more � in 5,5-11,6 times. The level of intensity of ethylene extrac-tion after three months of storage in the processed bunches of grapes is 2,5 times lower (variety of Nizina), 4,7 times (Podarok Zaporozh'yu) and 6,3 times (Moldova), than in a control. From the materials presented in the article, the conclusion follows that the use of post-harvest treatments of grapes with the SmartFresh preparation ensures a long-term preservation of its commercial qualities and the high biological value when stored under normal conditions.

Annotation

Now the aboriginal grape varieties become more and more popular in the world. In the Russia and abroad there is growing the interest in Krasnostops � the high-quality autochthonous red grapes varieties of technical use. Anapa Zonal Experimental Station for Viticulture and Wine-making has been engaged in the study, breeding and introduction of quality technical grapes varieties in the production for many years, as well as the creation of competitive local wines characterized by high consumer properties as Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop Azos. The article presents the materials of long-term research of agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the technical grapes varieties of Anapa Experimental Station breeding � Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop Azos. The research is aimed at revealing possibilities to increase in adaptive and productive potential of the studied varieties for their introduction in production in order to intensify the domestic viticulture and wine-making. The results of carried out analysis show that the amount of anthocyanins and sum of phenolic substances in the Krasnostops wine materials from Anapa exceeds the data for these components in the control variants. In the years of research, the Krasnostop Azos and Krasnostop Anapskiy had good indicators of wine material organoleptic properties � 8.78 and 8.73 points. They have a large capacity of coloring, extractive and phenolic substances and the wine brands developed on their basis will replenish a number of high-quality table and liqueur red wines on the Russian market. These grapes varieties have high potential and great prospects of using them in wine-making, and it allows us to recommend these varieties for large introduction into production in the Southern wine-growing regions of Russia

Annotation

The state of production of organic products in the world, in the country and in the Krasnodar region is analyzed in the article. The producers of environmental clear products must observe the severe requirements, the land for their cultivation was cleaned for three years, the use of genetic modified materials, chemical additives, growth stimulators, hormones, antibiotics is excluded. Ecologically is a product with a content of at least 99 % organic substances. In recent years the movement towards the production of ecological pure products is noted, using the technology of organic, natural farming. The purpose of our research is to analyze the world and domestic experience in growing ecological pure products and to give the recommendations for reducing of man-caused impact on agricultural facilities in the Krasnodar Territory. It is noted that the bioorganic products in Russia are still produced in small volumes, but now there is a tendency to increase in their production to 20 % per year. The authors plan to develop and widely test the vegetable dyes from the secondary resources of grapes and onions processing for the production of food bioproducts. The suggestion for food enriching with ecological pure food supplements have been carried out. It is shown that the successful development of green technologies depends on the efficiency of the use of natural resources and possibility of using of closed cycles of raw material processing with use the principles of organic farming. There is a need to develop the Federal Law "The principals of production of ecological clean agricultural products on green technologies", with the regulation of the system of state standards and compliance with the technological cycle for the production, transportation, processing and storage of agricultural raw materials.

Annotation

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of separate and joint foliar fertilization with potassium and calcium on the accumulation of these elements in the apple fruit of the Sinap Orlovsky and Imrus varieties, as well as to study the influence of ratio of these elements on the fruits storage ability. The optimal ratio of these elements in the apple fruits is great important, since this indicator affects the yield quality, including the duration of fruits storage. The research were carried out in 2014-2015 in the field experiment on the study of the efficiency of foliar top dressings. It has been shown by the study that the effect of joint treatments of studied apple varieties by potassium and calcium-containing fertilizers differs from the effect of separate fertilization. The studied varieties manifest the different reactions, both to individual compounds and to their mixtures. There were significant differences for years, depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions, as well as difference of varieties. It was found that in the studied apple varieties the calcium content in the fruits is a more stable index, in comparison with the content of potassium, which significantly changed depending on meteorological conditions and the load of trees by harvest. Foliar top dressing with potassium sulfate and calcium chloride, having a significant effect on the level of potassium and calcium in the tissues of apple fruits, can increase in the risk of bitter pit developing. For the Sinap Orlovsky apple variety a significant increase in the K/Ca ratio was observed when 0.3% potassium sulfate solution treatment, for the Imrus apple variety � when the plants are sprayed with 1% solution of calcium chloride.