Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the South of Russia, one of the most promising direction of apple tree breeding is the creation of high-quality varieties, immune and resistant to scab, which are the basis of domestic biological resources of culture under the import substitution conditions. The purpose of this research is the search, mobilization and conservation of the apple genetic resources for study, conservation and use of the biodiversity of cultivated plant forms in breeding and production. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research are the apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The following parameters were studied: early ripening, weak growth, regular fruiting, yield, resistance to the main fungal pathogens (scab and powdery mildew), fruit quality, including large fruiting. As a result of carried out research 9 genetic varieties of the apple tree (Retinda, Reakta, Remo, Resi, Retina, Resista, ZIVG-198, Nesterova's Memory, Stella) were stored and they replenished the genetic apple collection. The brief characteristic of these varieties is given. The valuable apple genotypes of different ploidy are distinguished: the sources of early fruit bearing and weak growth, and winter hardiness, combining the immunity to scab with high field resistance to powdery mildew, and also with late blossom (allowing to avoid the spring frosts). In the course of the research work, the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of the apple tree have been identified. Two new donors of immunity to scab are created in NCFSCHVW together with All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding � elite form of 12 / 1-21-12 and Granatovoe variety (from the family Aidared x Balsgard 0247E) � fast fruit bearing, drought-resistant, yielding, with fruits of high quality and winter ripening.

Annotation

As a result of the long-term work at All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, the apple assortment substantially increased in the central zone of Russia. The cultivars of Veteran, Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Sinap Orlovsky, etc. are wide spread. Scab immune cultivars have been released; their resistance is controlled by Rvi6: Imrus, Veniaminovskoye, Bolotovskoye, Zdorovie, Kandil Orlovsky, Solnyshko and Svezhest. These cultivars have winter maturation and are wide used in commercial and home gardens of the Central Chernozem Zone. The assortment was replenished with new winter apple cultivars that combine a scab immunity (Rvi6) with a triploid chromosome set (3x), including the varieties of Aleksandr Boiko, Vavilovskoye and Rozhdestvenskoy and the summer apple varieties, including Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas. The results of the study of the major economical and biological characteristics of Academician Saveliev (ELS 31-36-149) apple cultivar accepted for the state test are given. This cultivar was obtained as a result of the target crossing Veniaminovskoye x 25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid x Papirovka tetraploid). The study was carried out on the plot of the primary study of Institute in 2010-2017 where the studied selected and elite seedlings were grafted in the crown of 3-4-98. The scheme of planting was 4m x 2m. The study was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodology of variety investigation and winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory. It is established that the triploid cultivar of Academician Saveliev is superior to the control of Antonovka Obyknovenna-ya in fast fruit bearing, yield capacity, and the regularity of fruiting. This new apple variety is resistant to scab, winter hardy in Orel Region, and bears high-marketable fruits of winter ripening.

Annotation

In spite of the effectiveness of breeding and the availability of new zoned sweet cherry varieties in the different regions, the problems of the improving the existing assortments are still relevant. In this regard, it is necessary, among the variety diversity, to search for a valuable source material created under various environmental conditions. The article presents the results of long term work for the breeding of sweet cherry culture in the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making. Priority spheres of breeding study are shown, the main of which are: breeding for winter hardiness, resistance to the main fungal diseases, early and late ripening, improving the quality and marketability of fruits. In the process of the study carried out, the value of initial forms of different ecological-geographical origin was determined when creating the new sweet cherry varieties with valuable breeding and economic characteristics. Based on the results of the work done, the promising combinations of crosses that enhance the effectiveness of breeding work have been revealed. A positive example of the use of introduced varieties of sweet cherry of different ecological origins in hybridization is the new varieties obtained in the NCFSCHVW � Mak, Dar Izobilia (Melitopolskaya Chior-naya � Franzuskaya Chiornaya), Sashenka (Kavkazskaya x Melitopolskaya Chiornaya), Utro Kubani (Kavkazskaya x Franzuskaya Chiornaya). The necessity of sweet cherry varieties introduction of different ecological-geographical origin for carrying out an effective breeding is proved. With the use of introduced sweet cherry varieties in the breeding process, a group of new sweet cherry varieties has been identified, which make it possible to optimize the assortment in the conditions of Southern gardening. It is shown that there are big reserves in the region for improving and replenishing the standard assortment with local varieties well adapted to growing conditions and with fruits of high taste qualities.

Annotation

For import substitution of table grapes in our country, it is especially important to introduce the new large-berry varieties from early to late ripening, providing a continuous grapes conveyor for harvesting. The search for new donors, the selection of effective combinations of crossing, ensuring the receiving of elegant table varieties is an urgent task in the breeding of grapes. In this study, there were 14 initial forms of grapes and a hybrid fund of 3704 seedlings of 40 combinations of crosses. It has been shown that Flora x Nakhodka Mariuopolya (28.4 %), Flora x Richelieu (43.9 %), Podarok Zaporozhye [Talisman x (V-70-90 + R-65)] x Richelieu (63.9 %) have the highest breeding value by maturity date. The use of the genetic conformity of dark color dominance over the lighter color led to the creation of populations with a sufficiently high breeding value � from 23 to 100 %. The highest breeding value on the sum of signs is noted for the combination of Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu (252.9). Highly valuable crosses are selected, which allow to select the most promising parent pairs. There are the Flamingo x Arcadia, the Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu, Flora x Nakhodka Mariupolya. A model of the table grape variety is developed according to the maturation period, which includes the main features that determine the phenotypic elegance of table grape genotypes: the mass of berries; mass of bunches; form of berries; coloring of berries. The creation of domestic grape varieties that are competitive on the world market was the result of scientific cooperation. These varieties have gained a high reputation among the vine growers and they are widely spread in Russia and Ukraine.

Annotation

At the present stage of studying the genetic grape resources, the DNA profiles addit the traditional ampelographic descriptions, agrobiological and economic characteristics of varieties and serve as a basis for reliable identification of genotypes, therefore, in order to solve the priority tasks of vine breeding, it is necessary to mobilize and conserve the genetic resources, with the creation of an electronic database. Ampelographic collections are very important in the preservation and use of the gene grape pool, in these collections the work is constantly carried out to introduce varieties, to study of their agrobiological, phonological and economic features, to identify the promising ones from them, and to select the donors for use in breeding work in order to obtain the new competitive varieties. In the Anapa ampelographic collection with the participation of the laboratory of variety study and preservation of the grape gene pool of NCFSCHVW the DNA-certification of grape varieties is carried out, a collection database has been created. Among the features of the software platform there is the search for samples in the database for a number of parameters, displaying a common list of samples and displaying the detailed information for each variety separately. Services for calculating and analyzing of agro-biological and phenological observations data, analyzing the safety of buds after wintering of plants according to bushplaces in an ampelocollection have been realized. The DNA certification was carried out for the grape varieties of AZESVW breeding � the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (10 varieties), the varieties of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (9 varieties) and 4 well-known European varieties, which will be integrated into a united database. The obtained DNA-passports of varieties in practice can be effectively applied to determine the clean varieties in the planting material and in the grapes orchards, to define the parental forms of the sample, as well as in the disputed questions of the variety authorship.

Annotation

In viticulture, the grapes assortments is one of the factors determining the stability, productivity of plantations and the direction of product using. The introduction of new valuable varieties provides an increase in the yield, and production of vine and wine products. Of particular value are the varieties � sources of group immunity to major diseases and vermins, and the varieties with high adaptive potential. Consumers are interested not only in the beautiful kind of bunches and berries, but also in the high taste of table grapes. Therefore, one of the main direction of grapes breeding in the Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and wine-making is the cultivation of grapes varieties of table direction, possessing a set of economically valuable and adaptive significant features suitable for intensive, resource- energy-saving technologies for grapes cultivation. As a result of carried out agrobiological, phenological and technological study, three new hybrid forms of table grapes were identified of early, middle and middle-late maturation. The selected forms are characterized by high morphological and economically valuable signs. The new hybrid forms of grapes were created as a result of crossing such high-quality varieties as Moldova � the Moldovan breeding variety as a donor of resistance; the Cardinal and Koroleva Vinogradnikov � as the donors of high quality and economic and commodity traits. The article gives a brief description of the selected forms. It is shown that the new hybrid grapes forms of III-59-43, III-62-49, III-62-10 are characterized by a beautiful outward appearance of the bunches and berries, and also they have an average bunch weight, convenient for packing and further transportation.

Annotation

The introduction of high-value technical varieties and progressive technologies of cultivation to produce high-quality raw materials for the production of dry and dessert vintage wines is an urgent task of the viticulture of the Daghestan Republic. New grapes varieties should have the ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of labor-consuming pro-cesses of caring for a bush, and to have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. The purpose of this research work is to expand the conveyor of varieties and to replenish the assortment of grapes with new technical varieties, which can serve as a raw material for the production of high quality wines, capable to replace the imported wine materials. The article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic technological characteristics of the new technical Fioletta grapes at its cultivation under the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. Fioletta is a new technical grapes variety of the Daghestan selection testing station for viticulture and horticulture, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture and Wine-making" breeding. The Fioletta variety was obtained by crossing of Gimra and Asyl Kara varieties. It differs from parental forms by the color and intensity of the berry coloring, thin skin, high sugar accumulation and very juicy pulp. Fioletta belongs to the group of varieties of the average maturation period. The grapes of this variety are used for the preparation of red table wines and juices. The introduction of the Fioletta grapes into production will serve as a good base for the formation of grape assortment with increased resistance to fungal diseases and vermins, winter and frost resistance, and will contribute to the expansion of the assortment of qualitative Russian wines, including ter-roir wines.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to determine the inheritance of genotypic traits and phenotypic features in the posterity of indigenous Daghestan grape varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara, using as the example a new search was carried out with grape varieties from the Ampelographic collection of the Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture: as Gimra (Tavalinsky Ranniy), Asyl Kara (Kizlyar Cherny) and a new variety of Fioletta (Gimra � Asyl Kara). The culture of the grapes is on own roots and with use of irrigation. In the process of research the next methods were used: field study of phenological, morphological and biological features and phases of varieties development; the statistical variational analysis with determination of the reliability of the results; the laboratory method in which the genotyping of grape varieties was carried out by the following SSR-marker: VVS2, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVMD5, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. As a control for molecular analysis the Cabernet- Sauvignon was used in our work. The article presents the phenotypic features and DNA-passports of indigenous Daghestan varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara and a new hybrid form obtained by hybridization of these varieties, named Fioletta, of the DSTSV&H breeding. The genetic commonality of the origin of the indigenous grape varieties studied, and the features of inheritance of phenotypic and genetic traits from parental forms are shown. It is noted in the article that the obtained DNA- passports of varieties can be effectively used to determine the clean varieties of planting material and grapes plantations of these varieties, and to determine the genetic proximity to one or another variety in the parent pair, and for the clarification of the parental forms of the sample, and also for the disputed questions of the authorship of the variety.

Annotation

The further improvement of the vineyards variety composition is of great importance in the yield increasing of vineyards. An effective way to increase in the productivity of some varieties is to introduce into cultivation the varieties-clones that increase in the productivity of plantations by 25-30 % and improve the quality of the production. The problem of comprehensive study of promising varieties under specific conditions of their cultivation is actual. This article presents the results of the evaluation of the agrobiological and logistic characteristics of the introduced clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 in comparison with the classic Muscat Bely variety. Study of embryonic fruitfulness of clone VCR-3 in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea has shown that the initial potential of fruitfulness of buds of this variety is high. The maximum values of the fruiting ratio (K1) were for the clone VCR-3 and they exceeded the control by an average of 18.2 %. The yield of the Muscat Bely VCR-3 clone is higher on 29.5 %, than that of control Muscat Bely variety, which is associated with a large number of berries on the bush and a larger (by 15.1 %) bunch mass. But, the control is characterized by higher values of the sugar mass concentration in the berries juice (more than that of clone an average of 3.8 %). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, the Muscat Bely VCR-3 clone (IPP = 0.87) is very promising under the condition of research, its agro-biological and qualitative indicators correspond to the modern requirements of industrial grapes cultivation. For a more detailed study of the introduced clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 under different cultivation conditions, the further study is required, which will be continued in subsequent years.

Annotation

Persian walnut is traditionally popular in the Russian market. For the gardeners the creating of industrial plants is profitable, and from the sale of the harvest, and from the sale of valuable wood in the garden renovation. One of the key parameters for the modern horticulture is the availability of suitable varieties. Creating the varieties possessing along with high yield, the resistance to cold, the complex of other valuable features and properties (early maturing, complex resistance to drought and major diseases � anthracnosis and bacteriosis during epiphytoties, and vermins � codling moth and dusky veined walnut aphids, the self-compatibility, high commodity and consumer quality fruit with a high content of nutrients and bioactive substances, etc..) can be an effective way in solving the breeding problems The article presents the results of breeding of Persian walnut in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (NCRRIH&V). From hybrid fund the four types on a range of biological and agronomic traits are selected and studied for a wide introduction to the peasant and farmers' economies. Oven Persian walnut is obtained in 1988, when the cultivar Pelan was pollen by cultivar Iziaschniy. Cultivar Nadezhda is the elite seedling isolated in 1996 in local seed populations. Cultivar Rodina is the elite seedling selected in 1996 in the local seed populations. Cultivar Dachniy is isolated from the seedlings of an open pollination variety of Ideal (mutation breeding). Sowing of seeds was held in 1990. In the process of study the detailed information was received about the morphological and biological characteristics and properties of varieties. Also the results of phenological observations and analysis of yield and fruit quality are presented.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of the varieties evaluation on the berry average mass in the collection of berry crops of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The collection of strawberry includes 139 varieties, red currant � 21, black currant � 20, gooseberry � 26 varieties. The varieties of collections have the different ecological-geographical origin. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the berry crops varieties of collection on the berry size. The generally accepted in Russia methods of breeding were used in this work. Study have shown that from the 139 strawberry varieties in the collection, 7 varieties have very small berries, 32 varieties � small berries, 76 varieties � medium-sized berries, 23 varieties � large berries and one variety named by Primella has very large berries. Among the 21 varieties of red currant, a very small berry is noted for the Nenaglyadnaya, large berries � for the Detvan variety, middle berries � for the Asia, Tatran, Dar Orla, Belka, Rozovoe Schastie, Yonker van Tets, the other 12 varieties of red currant are distinguished by small berries. Five black currant varieties have small berries, 3 � large berries (Dar Smolyaninovoy, Partizanka Bryanskaya, Slastena) and 12 varieties have the medium size of berries. Analysis of 26 varieties from gooseberry collection has showed that the largest berry size is noted for the Kubanets variety of NCRRIHV breeding. The most part of the gooseberry varieties in the collection (21 varieties) has the small berries. In our research, the eval-uation of the varieties from the berry crops collection on the berry size showed the need to replenish the gene pool of berry crops by new varieties with large berries and to select the varieties with big berry size.

Annotation

Scientific-based application of clonal rootstocks is one of the main factors of increase in efficiency of gardening. The non-supporting construction of the intensive garden (without a stationary support) allows to reduce the costs of planting about 2 million rubles / ha. This significantly increases in the efficiency of fruit production and competitiveness of domestic products. The article presents the results of impact assessing of 15 rootstocks of different origin on the growth and yield capacity of Liberty apple trees in the garden, created by planting rootstocks in a permanent place, with followed grafting by buds. The carried out research has shown that in the fifteenth year of vegetation, the size of the Liberty tree stock on the �� 3, �� 4 and B-13-43 rootstocks was less than that on the M 9. The first fruit bearing was observed Only on the rootstock of �� 3 in third year, and for the other rootstocks � from 4 years of vegetation. The most average harvest from 1 tree for 13 years of fruiting was obtained from Liberty trees on rootstocks M 26 and �� 2. Close to control M 9 was the harvest on rootstocks of II-31-7, B-9-19, �-70-456. The most specific productivity on average over 13 years of fruiting compared to M 9 rootstock the K-1 and �� 4 provided, close to M 9 rootstock � �� 2, �� 3, B-13-43. The best stability of the trees in the soil (anchorage) was on the semi-dwarf rootstocks of �� 2 and II-31-7, which according to the results of the integrated assessment can be recommended for compacted gardens without support construction.

Annotation

The most accurate criterion for determining the length of pruning of grapes shoots is the productive zone of embryonic inflorescences. To more fully realization of potential of the economic grapes productivity, the pruning is carried out with the left of maximum number of embryonic inflorescences and the unproductive part of the shoots removed. In different grape varieties the productive zone is not the same and it varies along the length of the shoot. In addition to the biological dependence of the productive zone of plants shoots, the anthropogenic factors have a significant effect on the formation of embryonic inflorescences. Pruning while preserving the productive zone of grapes shoots contributes to the sustainable development of the viticulture industry. The purpose of the work is to establish the regularity of embryonic inflorescence formation and to optimize the length of pruning of Levokumskiy grapes shoots. Embryonic fruitage was determined during the period of deep (physiological) dormancy of plants by microscopic examination of the central wintering buds on typical grapes shoots. In the process of research it is found that the dependence between the fruitage and fertility rates of embryonic shoots in the central wintering buds of the Levokumskiy grapes varies on the average daily air temperature in September and November. The correlation coefficients range is from 0.36 to 0.77. You have shown the regularity of a differentiated inflorescence formation along the length of embryonic shoots. The coefficients of fruitage (K1) and the fertility (K2) of embryonic shoots of Levokumskiy grapes grow as the buds are removed from the beginning of the shoots. The maximum values of the coefficients are fixed in the zone of 5-6 buds. In this regard, to obtain the greatest harvest of the Levokumskiy grapes, it is recommended to prune the fruit shoots into 6 eyes.

Annotation

The main experimental material for research was obtained through the phytosanitary monitoring of industrial plantations of the Krasnodar Territory and a collection of genetic strawberry resources in the Maikop Experimental Station of VIR in 2013-2015 on natural infectious background. The object of research were more than 400 strawberry varieties by domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of strawberry plantations in the Southern Region, the damage of Asia, Clery, Alba, Roxana, and Honey plants with anthracnose black rot was widely recognized. These varieties for different years, since 2003, were imported from Italy. At present, there are no strains and forms of strawberry immune to anthracnose, but the varieties differ in the degree of resistance to this disease. Moreover, the varieties that are resistant to the some strains of the fungi can be affected by other strains of fungi. Phytosanitary monitoring showed that in 2013, four varieties (Asia, Alba, Roxana, Honey), infected with anthracnose black rot, were planted in the collection of genetic strawberry resources of the Maikop ES of VIR, and 198 out of more than 400 varieties were affected in 2015, which is 50 % of the total. Taking into account the latent form of the disease for several years, presumably now all 100 % of the strawberry strains are infected. As a result of our field assessment of the degree of strawberry defeat by anthracnose black rot, we did not isolate the disease resistant varieties, which could be the initial material, promising for their use in further breeding study.

Annotation

The intensity and peculiarity of the rose aroma depends largely on the conditions of the plants growth: the characteristics of the soil, agrotechnics, weather conditions, etc. One of the tasks of our study is to find out how the temperature inside the flower is changed during the day, depending on the temperature-humidity regime of the ambient air and how in connection with it the rose aroma is appeared. 17 varieties of roses of different eco-geographical origin from different garden groups were studied. The varieties are differed according to the color of flower petals, the degree of double, the intensity of the aroma phenomenon. The plants are grafted on the R. canina rootstock, age is 4 years. Roses are planted on the collection plot of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The article presents the results of the study of the rose aroma manifestation peculiarities, depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient air and inside the flower. As a result of the study, the peculiarities of the manifestation of aroma intensity in different rose varieties were revealed during the interaction of the "genotype-environment" system. It is shown that the presence f R. Damascene garden forms in the origin of the genotype promotes the development of a stronger and more stable aroma in the studied rose varieties, which is considered as the one of the adaptive reactions of the species to high temperatures and low moisturity of the environment. A more intense aroma is characteristic for varieties with dark-colored petals, which have a higher temperature inside the flower in the morning. Varieties of roses with double flower type, in comparison with semi-double flowers, retain the aroma during the day for a longer time, which is associated with varietal features and with the formation of the optimum of temperature-humidity regime inside the flower for evaporation of the volatile components of essential oils.