Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article assesses the apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Northern Ossetia-Alania using the one of the most important signs of fruit quality � large fruiting. The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods generally accepted and developed by the staff of the center for selection of FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 25 apple varieties in the study, of which 13 are domestic and 12 are foreign breeding. According to the results of long-term studies, the most large-fruited varieties and elite forms of apple-tree were selected in the Southern region of Russia: the summer variety of Soyus, autumn � Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman, early winter � Ligol, winter and late winter � Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Zolotaya Krona, 12/2-20-35, Prikubanskoe. Among the varieties selected by valuable sign of large-fruited, there are all apple varieties of regional breeding, excepting the Ligol variety. The most large-fruited among summer varieties � Soyus variety (330 g); among all the studied varieties � Talisman, the average and maximum fruit weight of which is 523.6 g and 534.0 g, respectively. The most of the cultivated varieties and elite forms of apple-tree selected for large-fruited sign were obtained as a result of the joint breeding of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the FSBSI All-RRIHB and they are immune to scab: Soyuz, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman and 12/2-20-35. The study of apple varieties and elite forms of different genetic origin and ploidy and different ripening terms in the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania allowed us to identify the most valuable of them for use in breeding and produc-tion.

Annotation

To improve the environmental sustainability of horticulture in the Southern Urals, it is necessary to cultivate the adaptive varieties of fruit and berry crops. When assessing the adaptive potential of apricot varieties, linear regression (bi) was calculated, which characterizes ecological plasticity, the standard deviation from the regression line (Si2), which determines the stability of the variety in the environment, and the coefficient of variety adaptability. The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to identify adaptive varieties of Manchurian apricot in the Southern Urals � Snezhinskiy, Kichiginskiy, Prizor, Uralets, Pikantnyj and Medovyj. The plastic varieties whose productivity varies in accordance with the changing environmental conditions include the apricot varieties: Pikantnyy (67.3 c/ha; bi 1.27; Si2 8.5), Uralets (66.3 c/ha; 1.28; 35.9), Chelyabinskiy ranniy (59.2 c/ha; 1.14; 19.2) and Barkhatnyy (46.6 c/ha; 0.85; 23.8). The varieties of the intensive type, characterized by high responsiveness to the improvement of growing conditions (bi is significantly more than 1), include the varieties Snezhinskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.69; 177.8) and Kichiginskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.34; 327.3). The Zolotaya Kostochka (38.2 c/ha; 0.73; 32.9); it reacts poorly to changes in environmental conditions. The introduced varieties of apricot Khabarovskiy and Michurinskiy N 22 in the conditions of the Southern Urals proved to be unstable (Si2 = 446.4 and 77.4) and low plastic varieties (bi = 0.58 and 0.33), and as a result formed a low yield (35.0 and 16.2 c/ha, respectively). For cultivation in the Southern Urals should use the adaptive apricot varieties of local selection.

Annotation

The share of raisin grapes in the total grape production in the country is very small. Of the 106 table grape varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are raisin (Kishmish Luchisty, Korinka Russkaya, Yuzhnobarazhny, Yaltinskiy Bessemianny). These varieties are very popular, because their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article describes the seedless grape varieties of early and middle ripening period studied in the Anapa ampelographic collection: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapy, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Kishmish Luchisty, Shayan, Kishmish Moldavsky and Mechta. The results of phenological, agrobiological and economic observations are presented. According to phenological observations, the Lotos variety belongs to the group of early ones, to the group of early-medium ones � Kishmish Luchisty and Shayan, the others � to the group of medium ones. According to the agrobiological data, it was shown that the productivity of all the studied grape varieties is rather high. The highest coefficient of fruiting is observed in the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy, Mechta. In terms of the average mass of the bunch, the Kishmish Moldavsky (530 g), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (500 g), Zhemchug Anapy (465 g) and Shayan (435 g) are stood out. The high content of sugars distinguished the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Moldavsky. The highest tasting marks were given to the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy. The results can be used to improve the assortment of grapes on the Black Sea coast, and for selection work on the development of new varieties. By their agrobiological indicators, these varieties are technological and meet modern requirements for industrial cultivation.

Annotation

In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD �Tsentralnoye� (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.

Annotation

In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD �Tsentralnoye� (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.

Annotation

The impact of cold stress is of great importance for scientific research in viticulture due to the relatively low cold resistance of grapes under the conditions of the viticulture zone of Russia, which leads to a significant decrease in yield. A better understanding of the physiological processes that influence the resistance of grapes to low temperatures is necessary for developing strategies to mitigate stress.The aim of this research was to study the changes in the antioxidant enzymes activity in grapes of different varietes with different cold- tolerance under the influence of the cold stress. Grape�s shoots and buds of resistant and non-resistant varieties were chosen as research material. As the result of this work the different reactions of grape buds and shoots tissues to the low temperature�s influence were observed. The resistant varieties were characterised by higher malonic dialdehyde content in vine tissues and buds than non-resistant varieties. For cold-resistant varieties the presence of high level oxidative processes are important for the activation of protective reactions. Influence of the cold stress resulted in elevation of antioxidant enzymes activity in the studied grape varieties. In the shoot`s tissues of resistant varieties the activity of these enzymes was higher than that of non-resistant varieties. Interestingly, that the relationships between cold-resistivity and antioxidant enzymes activity weren�t observed in studied buds, except for the peroxidase. n the studied varieties, there was no change in the number of peroxidase isoforms under conditions of low temperature stress, while its total activity significantly changed, which may be due to an increase in the expression of this enzyme. The activity of this enzyme changed drastically compared to the control. We suggest that the activity elevation of this enzyme is one of the defining protective reactions to the cold stress in grapes.

Annotation

Changes in climatic conditions have the greatest influence on such type of activity as agriculture in general, and viticulture in particular. Harmonization of environmental factors, biological features of a plant and agrotechnology in ampelocenosis is the main condition for efficient grape production. In this regard, the study of the influence of the planting scheme and the shoots load of the bush on the productivity of grapes and the quality of wine is a relevant area of research. The purpose of our work is to establish the optimal planting scheme and the schoots load of the Riesling grape bush, the identifying the dependence of productivity, quality indicators of grapes and wine on the applied agricultural technology in the context of local climate change. It was found that under stress conditions in 2018, the plantations with three-meter spacing had the highest economic productivity, and sparse and compacted plantations � the smallest. Under the influence of weather anomalies, a significant decrease in the average mass of the bunch and a decrease in the grape yield in the variants with a row spacing of 2.5 and 3.5 meters were observed. The most favorable for obtaining the high-quality products was 2017. In comparison with 2016, the difference in tasting evaluation ranged from 0.1 (with a scheme of 3.0 × 2.0 m) to 0.7 (with a landing scheme of 2.5 × 1.5 m). The most stable in quality Were the samples from grapes with three-meter spacing (7.8-8.0 points). The most stable quality of wine materials was observed from a grapes at vine planting scheme of 3.0 × 1.0 � the range of fluctuations with an increase in bush load from 40 to 70 thousand pcs / ha was 0.1 points with a maximum value of 8.0 with a load of 50 thousand pcs / ha.

Annotation

The reveal of dependencies between the leaf surface of a grape plant, the load of the bush, the length of fruit vines pruning on the one hand, and growth and fruiting on the other hand, reveals the scientific approaches to well ground the most rational selection of elements of variety agrotechnics. As a result of the research, it was established that the tested clones of the Aleatiko 802, Muscat Bely VCR-3, Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 varieties, with developed elements of variety agrotechnics, are vigorous and far exceed the standard varieties. To the end of the growing season, their annual shoots had ripened from 83.6 to 94.8% of their length. The use of an increased level of loads up to 40-50 % and elongation of fruit vines from 3 to 8 buds on the tested clones under the conditions of the Southern Coast Zone of the Crimea with increasing in the load on the bush leads to an increase in the average length of the shoot. The bush form as a one-sided cordon on the introduced clones provides the best maturation of the shoots. In the clone Cabernet Sovignon R-5, compared with the standard variety, reducing the load on the bush from 54 to 24 buds did not effect the growth vigor of the bush. The best ripening was for the variant with the lowest load on the bush � 24 buds with a short pruning of fruit vines. The selected optimal parameters of variety agrotechnics had a positive effect the formation of productivity index (Cp) of Aleatiko 802 clones � from a very high level of productivity to high, in comparison with the standard Aleatico variety (low and average values of this criterion). The clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 with the tested forms of the bush index of varieties productivity ranged from medium to very high values, the standard variety had the average score of Cp. The Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 clone had Cp from medium to very high, the standard variety Cp is rated as very low and low.

Annotation

Under the aggravating of environmental conditions, changes in the structure of nutrition of the population and the lack of useful substances in the food of Russians, the fresh fruits and berries are an indispensable component of a balanced diet. Strawberry berries successfully cultivated in the Krasnodar Territory, contain a complex of nutrients that provide the human body with a set of vital components. The article presents the results of the study of commercial qual-ity and chemical composition of 7 strawberry varieties of NCFSCHVW breeding. In terms of commercial quality, the varieties of Elegia, Kemia, Taira, Nelli, having the large berries with dense flesh, are selected. The varietal differences and the limits of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C and P-active substances, which determine the high nutritional quality and therapeutic properties of strawberries, have been established. Soluble dry substances of the studied varieties, accumulating in the range of 7.2-9.0 %, are mainly represented by carbohydrates (5.4-6.7 %), the acidity varies from 0.85 to 1.28 %, the content of vitamin C varies from 47.9 to 73.4 mg / 100 g, the number of catechins � from 58.3 to 92.1 mg/100 g, leuanthocyanins � from 53.8 to 101.4 mg/100 g, anthocyanins � from 60.0 to 102.0 mg / 100 g. A high varietal variability of the total amount of phenolic compounds from 274.5 to 372.4 mg / 100 g has been established. The source-varieties have been identified with high levels of soluble solids and sugars, acids, vitamin C, and P-active catechins, anthocyanins, total polyphenols. Due to the high commodity qualities and the increased content of natural antioxidants, the strawberry berries of NCFSCHVW breeding varieties as Nelli, Kemia, Taira can be recommended for cultivation in the fruit-growing farms of the Krasnodar Territory. Consumption of fresh strawberry berries as a dessert will fill the ration of Russians with essential micronutrients of natural origin.

Annotation

This article presents the results of studies of wines obtained from Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in the Krasnodar Region in 2012-2016, in the territory of the �Semigorye� geographical object (Novorossiysk). The peculiarities of the mineral composition of wines, in particular inorganic cations (ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium), in the wines produced by the wine company � Imenie �Sikory� LLC, are revealed, depending on the grape variety and crop year. Joint correlation dependencies are established. Inorganic cations were determined by the method developed in the Scientific Center �Wine-making� FSBSI NCFSCHWV. It is established a higher mass concentration of potassium in Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc wines, compared with Riesling, indicating a higher photosynthesis productivity and intensive vegetation of grape plants of these varieties. The minimum, maximum and average mass concentrations of inorganic cations reveal the the peculiarities of the �Imenie �Sikory� LLC, caused by the natural conditions characteristic of the Semigorye geographical object. The results of the analysis show the correlation between the content of elements K-Na, K-Mg, Na-Mg. The correlation between elemental content and grape variety is significant for K, Na and Mg. The total concentrations of inorganic cations ranged from 354 to 1387.6 mg / dm3 and from 905 to 1682.9 in white and red wines, respectively. The results of this scientific work can be the basis for the development of a modern system for assessing the quality and authenticity of wine products in the Russian Federation, as well as be used for regional identification of wines of various origins.

Annotation

The article presents the materials of table wines from grape researching varieties of the AZESV&W breeding � Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS. In Russia, it is necessary to produce the new brands of wines from local varieties with high quality, hygienic and biological value. For their production, it is necessary to select a grape assortment including the latest achievements of domestic breeding. The red wine enriches the body with useful microelements, vitamins and polyphenolic antioxidants and thereby prevents the beginning and development of many diseases. The number of anthocyanins in wines from Anapa Krasnostops exceeds the data on these components in the control version. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in wine materials from the Krasnostop AZOS and Krasnostop Anapskiy is higher than that of the quality control of red wines of Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in these new grape varieties. During the years of the study, Krasnostop AZOS and Krasnostop Anapskiy received the good indicators on the organoleptic properties of wine materials � 8,79 and 8,74 points. Table wines from Krasnostops have a greater amount of chlorogenic, coffee and gallic acid than ones from Cabernet Sauvignon. In terms of the total amount of biologically active substances, the wine from the Krasnostop AZOS variety exceeds the control sample. According to the amount of aromatic substances from the studied red wines, one can distinguish the Krasnostop AZ-OS with a total concentration of 2343,1 mg / dm3. The maximum content of aromatic alcohols � 88,65 mg / dm3 is noted also in the wine of this variety. Wine sample of Krasnostop AZOS received the maximum in the experience organoleptic evaluation.

Annotation

The quality of packaging and closures are subject to serious requirements due to the fact that they are in direct contact with food products. Study carried out have shown that the natural cork used often by wine-making enterprises does not meet the requirements of both legislative and regulatory documents for a number of indicators. It has been established that the concentration of microorganisms, mainly mold fungi, in the cork exceeds the allowable values. This leads to the development of microorganisms inside the cork, the diffusion of the formed substances and, accordingly, a decrease in the quality of the wine corked by such corks, as well as a violation of its organoleptic characteristics and presentation. It was shown that already at the stage of sample preparation, a large number of turbid components, which subsequently form precipitates. The cork extracts revealed the presence of various microorganisms, including membranous yeasts and molds. Their development in the cork leads to the formation and diffusion of potentially hazardous compounds into wine, including ochracin, which has anticoagulant capacity and teratogenic activity. A number of substances of synthetic origin, not characteristic of the �cork�, namely, decalin, acetophenone, 4-methylacetophenone, 1-methylnaphthalene, 1,3-benzothiazole, 2,5-furandicarboldehyde, 2-methoxyphenol, triacetin, 2-phenoxyethanol, naphthalene, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate, ethyl citrate, 2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride, 1H-pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, propylene glycol trimer, dimethyl glutarate, ochracin, 9-methyldecalin (in trans and cis-forms) and decalin is also in trans and cis forms. As a result of a more detailed analysis of these substances, it was found that many of them are potentially hazardous substances for consumers.

Annotation

Alternaria fungi affect a wide range of crops. Of the 300 known species of Alternaria fungi, more than 10 are serious pathogens. Alternariosi mainly manifested of leaf spot. The morbidity of plant by alternariosis is accompanied by high economic losses of agricultural products. In the vineyards of the South of Russia, a harmful manifestation of Alternaria spotting has been observed since the middle of the two thousand years. The causative agent of grapes alternariosis is semi-parasitic fungus of Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. The data of laboratory screening for the antimicotic activity of 8 chemical and 19 bacterial (based on bacterial and fungal antagonists) fungicides against the pathogen of Alternaria tenuissima grape � 12 straits of 7 types of bacteria and 7 straits of 4 types of fungi are presented in the article. The majority experimental variants of the active substances and their combinations in chemical fungicides showed the high efficiency in suppressing the growth of pathogen colonies. When comparing the antifungal activity of 2 concentrations of working solutions of biological preparations, it was found that bacterial fungicides show the best efficiency at a concentration of 4.0 ml / l, and fungal � at a concentration of 2.0 ml / l. Among bacterial strains-producers, B. amyloliquefaciens KC-2 B-11141 and B. subtilis var niger B-118 are the most effective in suppressing tenuissima. The strains of B. subtilis B-117, B. subtilis BS-1, B. subtilis B-522 and B. acidocaldarius B-5250 had low antifungal activity, 6 strains were not active. Among the fungal producer strains that participated in the screening for antimycotic activity, T. viride F-838 and T. viride F-294 have the highest efficiency.

Annotation

Under the conditions of Southern gardening, the adaptive potential of 12 introduced varieties (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.): Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Kopper King, Old Yella, Plam Crasy, Royal Gems, Robert Fleming, Summer Storm, Pepermint Shnaps, Heartthrob was studied. The stability of introduced varieties to the complex of unfavorable summer stress factors (high summer temperatures reaching +37 ºC and above, deficiency of air and soil moisture, dry-water phenomena, increased insolation) is estimated. The most stable varieties are selected: Peppermint Schnapps, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm � stability at the level of 4-5 points. For varieties Fantasia and Peppermint Schnapps distinctive thick waxy cuticle of the leaf, which causes their increased drought tolerance, is topical. The varieties of Royal Gems, Plum Crazy, Robert Fleming are non-resistant, they worse than others tolerate to dry hot period, their stability is 3 points. These varieties in the summer with drought reduced the flowering period, the flower size, he leaves lose turgor. It is observed the desiccation and shedding of buds for the varieties of Cranberry Crush and Heartthrob. Some plants showed the signs of the disease: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum hibisci Poll., Fusarium equiseti (�orda) Sacc, Phytophthora sp. On the plants of Kopper King, t he symptoms of defeat of viral origin are noted. On some plants the vermins are observed � Heliothis armigera L, Autographa gamma L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say., Tetranychus sp. The obtained data indicate the need for the development of protective measures in the process of cultivation of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. in the Southern horticulture of Russia.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to study the species and varieties of ornamental flowering shrubs of the genus Weigela Thunb. in the Kuban State University Traning Botanical Garden for their use in the gardening of urban gardens and parks, as well as the use in landscape design of private territories. The object of the research is the plants of the Weigela genus (Weigela Thunb.), growing in the collection of Training Botanical Garden. The material for writing the work was field records and diaries, photographs, drawings, herbarium specimens of plants genus under study. The anatomical structure of species and varieties leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb was studied. The studies were conducted 2018-2019. In the process research, the botanical microtechnology was applied. The article presents a brief morphological characteristics of the leaves of the studied genus. The results of studying the anatomy of the representatives leaves of the genus Weigela Thumb. are presented. Analysis of the anatomical structure of the leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb. plant varieties revealed the following features. The leaf epidermis is most developed in the variety ʹNana Variegataʹ and is 2,0 mcm. The maximum thickness of the phloem part of the beam is 3,1 mcm for this variety. Xylem and columnar mesophyll are better developed in the leaves of ʹNana Variegataʹ variety, as well as the Weigela leaves are distinguished by the thickness of a spongy mesophyll. Mechanical tissue in the veins of the leaf is most expressed in the varieties of ʹNana Variegataʹ and ʹDame Blancheʹ. The distance width of the beam xylem part is approximately the same for all representatives, but the varieties of ʹCaricatureʹ and ʹRumbaʹ are outstanding according to this indicators.