Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Pankin Mikhail
Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking
Articles in journal: (total 25)
In the conditions of local and global climate change, the problem of optimizing the grape range is topical for the industry of Russian viticulture. The purpose of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of grape varieties of different ecogeographical origin under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia, the revealing of the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and industrial production. The work was carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory on the ampelographical collection (Ana-pa) in 2007-2015. As a research object, grape varieties of different groups were used according to their ecological and geographic origin, intraspecific and interspecies hybrids. In the process of research the varietal differences were established and grape varieties were distinguished for a combination of positive features for use in breeding and industrial production. On adaptivity to minimum air temperatures in abnormal weather conditions, wintering (-20 C), varieties of interspecies hybrids are identified. They have got the highest degree of discordance of buds after wintering 68 %, and the smallest proportion of blooming duds was in the varieties Convar occidentalis Negr. 55%. Convar orientalis Negr was the largest group of bunches. 293.1 g. The highest yield the grapes of intraspecific hybrids showed 8.22 kg / bush, the lowest yield (5.91 kg / bush) and the highest sugar content and glucoacidometric index were in Convar occidentalis Negr. According to the set of positive features, the grapes varieties of Barkhatny, Murvedr, Stepniak and Tarnau are promising for use in breeding and industrial production in the agroecological conditions of Southern Russia.
Studies of the introduced German technical Monarch grape variety were carried out in the Black Sea agro-ecological zone of viticulture in the Krasnodar Territory. In unstable weather conditions, the duration of the growing season from blooming buds to the full physiological maturity of grape berries was 135 days in 2018, and in 2019 was 125 days. The variety showed the signs of an adaptive response to changing weather conditions. With an acute deficit of precipitation and a slow increase in air temperature in 2018, the duration of the second phase of the vegetation from the beginning of bud blooming to the beginning of flowering was 11 days longer. The significant difference in the duration of the second and third phases of vegetation is explained by the adaptive reaction of the introduced variety to lower air temperature in late May and early June in 2018. The difference in average daily air temperature during the period of active shoot growth and at the beginning of flowering reached 4.6 ºC, the amount of precipitation was 4.3 times less, that promoted the accelerated ripening of grapes in 2018. The maximum air temperature on average during the ripening period of grape berries was equal to 33 º in 2018, and 31 º in 2019. The amount of precipitation was 3.3 times less than normal. The high adaptive reaction of the technical Monarch grape variety is of great practical importance for use in scientific purposes and in industrial production when creating the stable ampelocenoses in unstable weather conditions of Southern Russia.
Study of phenology of universal grape variety Podarok Dmitria were carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the Krasnodar Territory. According to the data of research the variety shows the signs of earlymedium ripening and adaptive response under unstable weather conditions in the temperate continental climate of Southern of Russia. The signs of adaptation of this variety were most manifested during the ripening period of grape berries. The duration of the ripening period of grape berries in atypical weather conditions in 2018 was 17 days, 13 days less than in 2019. The accelerated ripening of grape berries was promoted by high solar insolation and an acute deficit of precipitation. The average daily air temperature in this period in 2018 was 3.5 C higher than in 2019 and 1.8 C higher than the average long-term norm. The amount of precipitation in 2018 was 13.5 times less than in 2019, 7.8 times less than the norm and amounted to 3.7 mm. In 2019, the low air temperature at the beginning of the growing of studied grape variety compared to 2018 contributed to a restrained bud opening, growth of shoots and inflorescences. A sharp warming in late May-early June contributed to an earlier start of plant flowering. The low temperature in the second half of the growing season compared to 2018 and the average longterm norm slowed down the physiological processes and made longer the periods of growth of grape berries.
The features of method of the microfocus X-ray analysis to assess the quality of planting stock of grapes are studied.
On the basis of collaborative research by scientists in Russia and Kazakhstan new efficient plant growth regulators were allocated, the use of which ensures high profitability of production of seedlings of fruit crops and grapes.