Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

This paper presents the results of agrobiological and uvological assessment of new grape varieties of breeding in Germany and Russia cultivated under the agro-ecological conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia. The studies were carried out using modern field research methods for viticulture in atypical weather c onditions in 2019. As an object of research, a grape variety of German origin Monarch and a domestic hybrid Gift of Dmitry, were used. These technical forms were selected for research as they are characterized by high biological indicators, and give a good harvest of grape berries even in adverse years for their cultivation. Also they have signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors typical for the unstable and stressful climate of the Western Ciscaucasia. Under the unstable weather conditions of 2019, in the Black Sea zone, according to the main indicators of productivity, an agrobiological and uvological assessment of the introduced German Monarch variety and the domestic promising hybrid Dmitriy Podarok was carried out against the background of control of the domestic Saperavi Severny grape variety. The results of assessment carried out by us showed that the studied objects indicated high agrobiological indexes under stressful climatic conditions of Western Siscaucasia zone. For the same conditions, a uvological assessment of the bunches of the studied forms was carried out. The data obtained by us in the process of these research should be considered as preliminary data in relation to the atypical agroecological conditions of 2019. To get the deeper and well based conclusions, research in this field will be continued.

Annotation

Based on exhaustive research, it is proposed the methods for efficient stability control of ampelocenosis under the conditions of anthropogenic intensification of production, and weather anomalies. The studies were performed under the agroecological conditions of acute shortage of rainfall, and high solar insolation and air temperature of moderately continental climate of the South of Russia in the industrial plantations with the most wide-spread grape varieties using the modern field and laboratory methods. For sustainable viticulture in the Krasnodar Region 5 agro- ecological zones and 47 sub-areas are allocated using digital soil maps, maps of isotherms and isohyets. Each subzone is characterized by the uniformity of the site soil, temperature and rainfall and is the basis for the formation of the terroir and quality winemaking as well as for optimization of zonally oriented assortment and technologies. It is proposed the optimized scheme and the planting density of vines, their load by shoots using as a model the Rhine Riesling variety; regime of plant top dressing with minerals in combination with biologically active components, including saline soils. The biological and technology of reversibility of degradation changes in the ampelocenoses soil based on the energy biomaterial is grounded. The methods of stability control of own-rooted vineyards to the quarantine vermin � phylloxera root using the physiologically active substances. The positive influence of the proposed methods for the efficient use of renewable natural resources (light, heat, water, food) in the vine production process is revealed. The increase in the level of implementation capacities of economic productivity and improving the quality of grapes and vine production is noted. The applying of the proposed methods i ncreased in production, agro-ecological and edaphic stability of ampelocenoses.

Annotation

The data of study of Kuban grapevines wild forms are presented to select the sources with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress-factors. Wild forms of grapes can be both theoretical and practical value for breeding. The aim of the present work was to study the morpho-biological and genetic diversity of grape plants of the genus Vitis L., growing on the territory of the �Utrish� state nature reserved area on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The territory of the reserved area is interested for the study of wild forms of grapes as it was the place of ancient settlements. As a result of the expedition, wild grapes were found in the district �Vodopadnaya shchel� in the �Utrish� nature reserved area in the amount of 10 populations that are outwardly resistant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stress-factors. A morphological and biological Study of grape plants was carried out and a characteristic of their ecological conditions was given. An ampelographic description of the forms by 10 characteristics is presented. In order to study the genetic diversity of the found forms, a DNA-marker analysis of wild grape plants was carried out. The study was performed using microsatellite markers linked to the Rpv3 and Rpv10 genes, which determine resistance to downy mildew. The presence of functional alleles of these genes in the analyzed samples helps to reveal the origin of genotypes, which is one of the objectives of the study. The indicated genes were not found in the found grape forms. In general, according to the results of microsatellite analysis, it can be noted, that some of the samples are polymorphic to each other, while others have a high degree of similarity. The work on the study of wild forms of grapes in this area is carried out for the first time

Annotation

In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t � 45-50 º�. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.

Annotation

The task of the research was to examine and identify the vegetation characteristics of interspecific grapes hybrids in the year cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and production. Comparative study of interspecific grapes varieties showed that in the year cycle of ontogenesis in the agrical and ecological conditions of the South of Russia the dates of the beginning and duration of phases of their vegetation have a wide range - from early to late timing of maturation. It is shown that the duration of the vegetation period of grapes plants closely based on the biological characteristics of the environment and temperature conditions of growth. On the basis of conducted research the grapes varieties with the shortest growing season (from 140 to 150 days) and with the longer period of growing (from 156 to 168 days) are revealed. It is established that the duration of the growing season varies from year to year in dependence of their reaction on the changing weather conditions. The December, Avgustin and Pervenets of Magarach grapes have the most stable period of vegetation. These varieties are the most resistant to changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The Vostorg, the Original and the Zory of Anapa grapes have the greatest range of variation in the duration of the growing season, depending on weather conditions. These varieties are the most sensitive to the changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The closest correlation of the growing season duration of the most studied grapes varieties is established from the average daily air temperature during the period from bud open to physiological maturity of berries. It is shown, that the correlation between the duration of growing period of grapes plants and sum of active air temperature are average and high.