Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Research of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking � branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making�, is focused on searching, mobilizing, preserving and studying the gene resources of grapes; creation of a new generation of grape varieties that combine adaptability, suitable for intensive, resource-energy-saving technologies; development of software in the monitoring system of agrobiological indicators of vine plantations within the boundaries of the terroir based on digital technologies for positioning, collecting and processing data; substantiation of methodological approaches and obtaining new knowledge about the patterns of changes in the component composition of wine products depending on the grape variety, taking into account various agricultural practices and changing terroir factors. As a result of the research, 10 completed developments were received. The preserved gene pool of grapes in 2022 amounted to 4964 genotypes. New sources of breeding-valuable traits were identified � large berries in two varieties (Yubiley Moldavii, Kobzar) and seedlessness in three varieties (Ruby Seedless, Assol, Lotos). A codifier of varieties has been developed � �Automated system for codifying grape varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection� (Certificate No. 2022668027) and a computer program: �Automated system for collecting, recording and processing data on agrobiological and phenological indicators of grape varieties� (Certificate No. 2022665023). According to a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant features and properties, in 2022, 3 elite grape hybrid forms of the technical direction of use and the average ripening period were identified. Grape varieties Varvarovsky and Garmoniya are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. In the field of grape processing, new knowledge about the mechanisms of change in the component composition of wine products has been obtained. The control indicator of the implementation of the Research plan by publication activity according to the State Task for 2022 was a publication score of 7.0. The actual score was 7.14 points. In the process of carrying out research, all the tasks set in the State Task were completed.

Annotation

A large number of technological methods for soil caring and plant causes the development of soil degradation processes and leads to the destruction of its natural structure and the destruction of plant cover. The soil, which is not protected by plant cover, is exposed to the destructive effect of the kinetic energy of rain drops and is scattered to the sides. As a result, the soil, which is not protected by plant cover, has a low content of humus and low water resistance, and even with a small degree of slope, this soil is subject to severe water erosion. The aim of the study is to develop the methodological approaches to the creation of ampelocenosis soil systems to prevent their degradation. The expeditionary, stationary field and laboratory methods of study were used. The following factors were taken into account: the intensity of soil cultivation, the steepness of the slope, the criterion of water resistance, and the percentage content of humus. It has been established that the factor of intensity of soil cultivation has the largest influence in the degree of development of water erosion, the second place is provided by the availability of humus, the third place in the steepness, the criterion of water resistance has an insignificant share of influence. The main factor in the development of methodological approaches to the creation of amphelocenosis soil systems is the maintenance of a deficit-free inflow of organic matter into the soil-forming process. It is shown that the main task in industrial viticulture should be to ensure a positive balance of organic matter in the ampelocenosis and its involvement in a small circulation of nutrients. In the course of the study of the processes of the onset and development of soil degradation on sites that have been used for a long time under the grape culture, the main methodological approaches to the systems for maintaining the soils of vineyards were formulated.

Annotation

At the present stage of studying the genetic grape resources, the DNA profiles addit the traditional ampelographic descriptions, agrobiological and economic characteristics of varieties and serve as a basis for reliable identification of genotypes, therefore, in order to solve the priority tasks of vine breeding, it is necessary to mobilize and conserve the genetic resources, with the creation of an electronic database. Ampelographic collections are very important in the preservation and use of the gene grape pool, in these collections the work is constantly carried out to introduce varieties, to study of their agrobiological, phonological and economic features, to identify the promising ones from them, and to select the donors for use in breeding work in order to obtain the new competitive varieties. In the Anapa ampelographic collection with the participation of the laboratory of variety study and preservation of the grape gene pool of NCFSCHVW the DNA-certification of grape varieties is carried out, a collection database has been created. Among the features of the software platform there is the search for samples in the database for a number of parameters, displaying a common list of samples and displaying the detailed information for each variety separately. Services for calculating and analyzing of agro-biological and phenological observations data, analyzing the safety of buds after wintering of plants according to bushplaces in an ampelocollection have been realized. The DNA certification was carried out for the grape varieties of AZESVW breeding � the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (10 varieties), the varieties of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (9 varieties) and 4 well-known European varieties, which will be integrated into a united database. The obtained DNA-passports of varieties in practice can be effectively applied to determine the clean varieties in the planting material and in the grapes orchards, to define the parental forms of the sample, as well as in the disputed questions of the variety authorship.

Annotation

The paper presents the results of scientific research on the properties of chernozem southern (chestnut) and sod-carbonate soils. A literary analysis of the history of these soils study and information on the geological structure are carried out. A morphological description of the chernozem soil profile of the southern carbonate super-heavy and heavy loam formed on loess-like loams along genetic horizons is given. In the course of the research work, it has been established that the predominant feature of the southern chernozem is the thickness of the humus layer, which is 120 cm. It allows to accumulate the water in the winter period and to keep a sufficient amount of available moisture in the summer months, which contributes to the formation of high yields of grapes even in the arid years. Low percentage of humus, with its significant reserves, in conjunction with the looseness of the soil, creates the optimal conditions for growth, and development of the grapes plant and high yields obtaining. A distinctive feature of sod-carbonate soils is the presence in the soil profile of rock fragments (stony and skeletal soil). Skeletal properties of the described soils vary from 15 % to 40 %. The skeleton affects the soil properties, both positively and negatively. The positive effect is as follows: a small skeleton in the heavy soils makes them more friable and improves the water and air permeability, increases in the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When the skeleton is destroyed, the soil is replenished with elements of the plant mineral nutrition: potassium, trace elements, etc. The negative effect is that the stones reduce the useful volume of the soil and the field moisture capacity and exert a mechanical obstacle in the treatment of the soil. The destruction of marl rocks leads to a sharp increase in the content of active forms of carbonates.

Annotation

The features of method of the microfocus X-ray analysis to assess the quality of planting stock of grapes are studied.