Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Satibalov Aslan
Federal state budgetary scientific institution "North-Caucasian research Institute of mountain and foothill gardening"
Articles in journal: (total 9)
The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the genotype-environment interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.
The biological activity of the soil is formed mainly due to the microbiota living in it. In this regard, when creating agricultural technologies, the properties of microorganisms are widely used to increase the biological activity of the soil and reproduce soil fertility. Harmoniously functioning soil largely determines the nutritional properties of the agricultural products produced on it, which takes the corresponding technologies from the category of regenerative to health-saving technologies. Considering that soil microorganisms play an important role in the transformation of substances in the soil, the influence of the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM on the intensity of substrate-induced soil respiration in the near-root zone of trees was evaluated to assess the degree of bioactivity. A positive effect of AKM on the growth of chlorophyll content in apple tree leaves has been established. The beginning of the increase is observed 33 days after the application of fertilizer and in subsequent periods this trend continues. The obtained results confirm the existence of a relationship between chlorophyll concentration in leaves and productivity. Based on the data of the experiment, we can conclude that the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM is a means of soil bioactivation. This is expressed in an increase in soil respiration during the growing season by 8.8-45.5 %. The magnesium contained in the complex provides an increase in suction power due to an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll (4.8-36.5 %) and the intensity of photosynthesis, which ultimately leads to an increase in the availability of mineral nutrients associated with fruit trees. As a result of the action of AM, fruit yield capacity increases by 14.3 %, and their quality also increases. The importance of using magnesium fertilizers, in particular AKM, is associated not only with the ability to increase crop yields, but also with the ability to produce physiologically more valuable products in terms of nutrient content, which can be used in health conservation programs for the prevention, including endemic diseases of the population.
The analysis of research on selection of the best varicties for pear pollination is presented. Cross-pollination study between varuties has shown existence of selectivity of varieties fertilisation. Pollination of the same variety by pollen of various varieties results in different outcomes. The best varieties for pollination of different kinds of pear are revealed.
Issues of agriculture ecologization and, in particular, horticulture are considered in a review article. Practical application of knowledge about specific conditions of climatic and orographic terrain features and breed-varietal characteristics of fruit crops also will allow not only avoid unnecessary costs but also save the environment from soil erosion and pollution by means of chemical protection and fertilizers
This article presents the results of pear breeding with the purpose of creating of new high adaptive varieties that combine the resistance to adverse environment factors and fungal diseases, stable productivity, small size of tree crown, the attractiveness of appearance and good taste of fruits.