Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Popova Valentina
Articles in journal: (total 26)
The materials of the study of agrochemical and microbiological indicators of leached chernozem in the orchard agrocenosis and field crop rotation are presented. The peculiarities of the distribution of the main elements of plant nutrition and organic matter by layers in the upper part of the soil profile, depending on the type of cultivated crop, are revealed. As a result of the evaluation of the main groups of microorganisms of leached chernozems, 830 strains of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic micromycetes were identified, among which Aspergillus spp. and Penicilium spp. predominate. The number of micromycetes in the studied areas differs slightly, however, in the upper layer (0-10 cm) of soils under the garden cenosis there is a sharp increase in them. It has been established that in the soils of the orchard cenosis there is a fivefold decrease in the number of bacteria in comparison with soils in the conditions of field crop rotation. The number of bacteria gradually decreases with depth. Correlations of the total number of fungi strains and colony-forming units of bacteria on the content of organic matter, nutrition elements, the total amount of salts and the reaction of the soil environment have been established. A close correlation between micromycetes and bacteria (r = 0.99), humus (r = 0.95), mobile potassium (r = 0.93) and pH (r = 0.89) was revealed in the soils of orchard cenosis. There are no close correlations in the field crop rotation. Data on the ratio of bacteria and micromycetes indicate a higher suppressiveness of soils in the conditions of field crop rotation and the depletion of the microbial pool of soils of orchard cenoses. This indicates the development of the process of soil fatigue and a decrease in the resistance of leached chernozems to phytopathogens during prolonged cultivation of an apple orchard in a monoculture.
The result of research on working out of methods of soil fertility control in the fruit cenosis are presented. It is shown, that phytomelioration method, leading to accumulation of organic substance in the soil, has influence not only on the soil feed regime, but increase its biological activity.
Use of drip irrigation or fertigation in apple-tree plantations contributed to the decline of fruit shattering, an increase of their average weight and getting in some years of surplus up to 26-50 % compared to the naturally growing plants. However, to overcome the periodicity of fructification of apple-trees was not possible. In the summer conditions in the south of Russia drip irrigation did not affect the change in temperature and humidity of the ground layer of the air and, accordingly, did not contribute to the generative bud setting.
The problems of soil degradation, especially their salinization, are one of the main research objects in the world. In the Krasnodar Territory, the problem of soil salinization is particularly relevant in the vineyards of the Taman Peninsula. To develop the measures to combat a soil degradation, including salinity, it is necessary to identify the sources of their salinity. The aim of this research is to identify the sources of soil salinization in the vineyards of the South of Taman for further development of measures to combat their degradation. The research area is represented by an inclined marine stratum plain with a thin cover at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain, composed of salt deposits. It is revealed that the salts migrate from the slopes of the mountain with surface and intrasoil waters, and they are a source of salinization of the underlying territories occupied by grapes plantations. The results of the study show that these processes are most intensively manifested in the bottoms of troughs and gullies originating at the foot of the Komendantskaya Mountain. In the upper part of the inclined marine stratum plains, the saline soil differences were noted not only in the bottom of the trough, but also on the adjacent plots of an even slope of 5-8 m wide on each side. The expansion of the wetting area towards the flat part of the studied area leads to an increase in the area of waterlogged and to a varying degree of saline soils. There is a progressive growth of degradation processes in the soils that lead to oppression and premature death of grapes plants. To develop the ways to prevent soil degradation under vine plantations, additional research is needed on the dependence of grapes' productivity on the depth of saline soil, chemical and salinity degree.
Leaf treatment of Liberty apple plants by preparation Regalis reduced of germ shattering that contributed increasing of yield and improving of fruit quality. Treatments by growth regulator Atonik Plus in stressful conditions of summer period prevented fruit abscission and improved their quality, quadruple treatment by this preparation increased apple yield. The yield surplus on 5,1 t/ha for account of increasing of fruit average weight is obtained by 3 times treatment of preparation Reasil Universal