Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the breeding of grapes, the presence of muscat aroma in the berries is a valuable feature. The Muscat grapes varieties have different shades of aroma: an ordinary aroma, spicy, the smell of an orange flower, the shade of tea rose and others. The origin of grapes varieties with muscat flavor has not yet been established. The absence of muscat forms among wild grapevines and the dominance of this feature in hybrid progeny allow us to suggest that this sign is originated in the culture. Muscat aroma is characterized by the accumulation of monoterpenoids in the berries. Monoterpenoids are found in significant concentrations in the grapes of Muscat group and in moderate ones in some other aromatic varieties. A number of studies have shown that the accumulation of monoterpenoids in a grape berry is associated with the gene VvDXS. In the present paper, we investigate the fragment of the sequence of the gene VvDXS in the grapes varieties with muscatel flavor to study the possibility of creation of DNA marker for breeding. The main method used in the study are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of reaction products by using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. Muscat varieties Novoukrainskiy Ranniy, Frumoasa Albe, Barkhatnyi, Astanikskiy, Irshai Oliver, Litdar, Muscat Gamburgskiy, Alina, Larni Muskatnaya and the variety without muskat aroma were studied. Polymorphism in the sequence of the studied fragment of the VvDXS gene in the studied genotypes have been identified, however, the correlation linked with the studied sign "muscat f lavor" is not revealed.

Annotation

Optimization of vine cultivars� assortment in accordance with the requirements of the time is one of the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The modern assortment of industrial viticulture must confirm to various market needs and presents the varieties with high level of productivity, quality, manufacturability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. The purpose of research is to study the physical-chemical and biochemical composition of grapes and wine from prospective grapes varieties of Serbian selection and their characteristics according to the main assessment indicators, to create the new quality wines. The results of study of new resistant varieties of Bachka, Petra, Petka, Panonia, Cosmopolita, Morava of Serbian breeding, cultivated under the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection are presented in the article. The largest harvest of grapes were obtained in the experience on the varieties of Cosmopolita and Petra. The wine from grapes Petra stands out among the studied samples of wine materials from studied grapes varieties in the total accumulation of aromatic substances � 623,96 mg/dm3. The highest testing score was for experiental wine from the Serbian grapes of Bachka and a Cosmopolita. As the result of research, it was revealed that cultivars of Cosmopolita, Petra, Bachka and Panonia are promising for the Russian wine-making and grapevine-growing industry. These varieties give a high yield of good quality and they can be recommended for growing in the soil-climatic conditions Anapa-Taman zone. These grapes varieties also can be used as sources of useful economical-breeding traits � of yields, wine quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, and that will expand the range of wine products and the boundaries of stable grapes production in the Krasnodar Region.

Annotation

Krasnodar territory � one of the main grapes growing regions in the Russian Federation. Optimization of vine cultivars� assortment in general and zonal assortments in accordance with the requirements of the time is the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The development of wine tourism in the Krasnodar Region requires the expansion of local breeding grapes varieties in the cultivated assortment of vines. This article describes the Alcor and the Antaris cultivars of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture breeding which are in the State variety testing. The harvest of these cultivars is used for high-quality red wine-making. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris have the increased resistance to major fungal diseases and tolerance to the root form of phylloxera, which allow to cultivate them in the own-rooted culture. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris were studied by us in a main area of grapes cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory � Temryuk Region, and they were compared with the popular recognized classic wine cultivar of Cabernet Sauvignon. The results of agric and biological estimation and tasting assessment of vine from cultivars� harvest were presented. The grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris of NCRRIH&V breeding exceed the control cultivar for yield, and the wine-tasting score of these varieties in different years corresponds to the tasting points of Cabernet Sauvignon or exceeds them. The presented data show that the grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris in the Temryuk zone of the Krasnodar Region may be worthy competitors for classical red wine cultivars and they can introduce the variety in the wine list offered by local producers.

Annotation

The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.

Annotation

Grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae is a small invasive sucking insect that has a significant physical and economic impact the cultivation of grapes. The harmfulness of the root form of phylloxera is different for European and American varieties. It causes much more damage to European varieties. This pathogen was introduced to Europe on American rootstocks, originally imported to the continent as a resistant material for the control of powdery mildew and downy mildew. In France, in 1868, a vermin ravaged the French wine industry, destroying more than 1 million hectares of non-grafted vineyards. The vermin evolved together with the North American varieties Vitis spp. And genetic resistance to this pathogen exists in several species of rapes from this group. Molecular genetic markers bring many new techniques and make a great contribution to the biological sciences, especially agriculture. The marker-assisted selection method is particularly promising for the breeding of perennial crops. Currently, a number of genes responsible for resistance to phylloxera, designated as Rdv1-8, have been identified. Rdv1-3 genes were identified in the V. cinerea, and Rdv6-8 genes is in the M. rotundifolia. The Rdv3 and Rdv4 genes affect resistance to leaf phylloxera. The use of existing ways and the latest advances in molecular and genomic methods could lead to the creation of varieties that are immune to the root form of phylloxera. Grape breeding using complex interspecific crosses make possibility to combine resistance to diseases and vermins, crop quality and resistance to abiotic stresses.