Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Ulyanovskaya Elena
Articles in journal: (total 38)
The questions of adaptative resistance of apple-tree varieties of various ecological-geographical origin to hydrothermal conditions of the winter and summer periods of plants development in the North Caucasian region of Russia are considered in the article. In the process of carried out research the comparative data characterized a physiological condition of apple-tree studied varieties during the winter and summer periods of 2013-2016 are obtained. The modern physiological-biochemical and anatomical-morphological methods of research with use of highly effective ana-lytical equipment are used in the work. It is noted that tree ploidy apple varieties of the Souys and the Rodnichok of native breeding, and also the diploidy varieties of the Aydared (USA) and Precubansko-ye (native breeding) in a winter time on physiological and biochemical parameters show themselves as high winter-hardy, in comparison with others studied varieties. It is shown that biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to a low-temperature stress is reached due to synthesis of the increased amount of proline, su-crose, the phenolcarbonic, chlorogenic, ABA acids and peroxidase. It is established that during the summer vegetative period of 2013-2016 the tree ploidy apple varieties of the Soues and the Rodnichok, and also the diploidy of Precubanskoye (all varieties of native breeding) have the best ability to adapt to a high-temperature stress and a drought, in comparison with other studied varieties. In the leaves of these apple varieties under the condition of summer extremal temperatures it is accumulated, more form of water, proline, sucrose and ABA, made the protective function, are accumulated. The adaptation features of plants revealed in the course of the research prove the necessity of use of potential opportunities of native apple varieties for breeding process as sources of signs of winter hardiness and drought resistance.
The laboratory and field data on studying of genetic and agrobiological features of an apple-tree genotypes are given. Donors of immunity to scab of the apple-trees possessing a complex of basic economically valuable traits are allocated
One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening Nocturne; winter ripening Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.
The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes of the genus Malus of various origins and ploidy for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive varieties. Analysis of the dynamics of the average yield capacity for the apple crop as a whole made it possible to establish that in the years of the strongest effect of the complex of abiostressors on the apple plant, a significant decrease in crop yield was noted. According to the data of long-term studies (2010-2020), a significant decrease in yield in general for the apple crop in 2017 and 2020 was noted (11.69 and 12.48 t/ha), which is caused by the complex influence of early frosts (in December 2016 down to -17.0 ) and freezings (in April 2020 up to 2.7 ) and further negative influence as biostressors (the development of epiphytoties of scab, powdery mildew and other fungal pathogens during the growing season), and abiotic stress factors of summer the autumn period - combination of abnormally high temperature stresses, instability of the moisture regime, uneven moisture supply to the plant and often a serious and long-term deficit in precipitation. According to the obtained data, varieties with specific and complex interspecific parental forms, varieties of folk and local breeding, as well as new varieties of regional breeding obtained on their basis, showed a number of protective and adaptive reactions to the complex effects of abioand biotic stressors. The most promising varieties with increased adaptability to the complex of abiostressors of the region, resistant and immune to scab, have been identified: Vesta, Jin, Istok, Exotica, 12/1-21-46, Orfey, Lyubimoye Dutovoy; with increased productivity potential: Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-46; large-fruited: 12/1-21-79, Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-24
New donors and complex donors of significant signs of an apple-tree are allocated on the basis of received new knowledge on formation and display of valuable selection signs