Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article summarizes the results of the research work of scientists of the DBESV&VG branch of the NCFSCHVW, carried out in accordance with the State Task for 2022 and the Research Plan for 2022-2026 on the basis of the Program of the FSR of the State Academies of Sciences for 2021-2030. The research results reflect the main directions of the research station: genetic resources, breeding and varietal study of grapes, vegetable and subtropical fruit crops; development of methodology for the creation and operation of intensive own-root grape plantings in the phylloxera infestation zone; obtaining environmentally safe products of grapes, vegetables and subtropical fruit crops. The main objectives of the research work are the creation of new grape genotypes, based on the mobilization of the potential of wild species, native and high-value introduced varieties with high productivity, product quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses; improvement of the methodological base to accelerate the breeding process of grapes; disclosure of the fundamental mechanisms of the formation of genetic and functional resistance to grape diseases and pests, which will create the basis for the purposeful creation of new varieties with specified characteristics; scientific and applied bases for obtaining environmentally safe raw materials for the production of functional foods and dietary supplements for the prevention of oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The research results obtained in 2022 expanded the base of genetic sources and methodological approaches for the creation of adaptive grape varieties in the changing climatic conditions of the south of Russia, allowed to expand methodological approaches to the creation of own-root grape plantings and management of resistance to stressors, confirmed the fundamental possibility and effectiveness of hormonal management of the development of grape plants from the first year of life, as well as the quality of raw grapes, tomato and broccoli to create environmentally safe functional foods and dietary supplements, focused on the prevention of socially ignificant diseases.

Annotation

Creation and cultivation of economically feasible and environmentally safe orchard, especially important in a market economy. An important task for expanding the area of cultivation of subtropical fruit crops, in particular, oriental persimmon, is to increase the frost resistance of varieties and obtain planting material with a well-developed root system. In the fruits of subtropical crops (persimmon, fig, feijoa, black olive) with valuable medicinal and dietary properties, the sugar content (mainly fructose) is several times higher than that of conventional fruit crops (apple, pear, plum). Oriental persimmon fruits contain 0.025-0.0415 mg % of vitamin P, 0.15-11.8 mg % of carotenoid, l100-530 mg% of leucoanthocyanin, 45.6 mg% of vitamin �. Three types of persimmons have become widespread in Dagestan, - date plum persimmon with a well-developed fibrous root system, common persimmon with high frost resistance and oriental persimmon with high commodity fruit qualities. The idea to combine all three types of persimmon in one plant using vegetative hybridization was implemented in work: date plum persimmon (rootstock), oriental persimmon (scion) and common persimmon (intercalary insert). The resulting three-component planting material meets high requirements and can be used in regions with relatively cold climates. Practically, when growing such persimmon plants in areas with a cold climate, there is no need for transportation valuable fruits from the southern regions and, accordingly, the price will decrease and the quality indicators of this product will remain. Breeding studies are planned in the future with the participation of these oriental persimmon plants with intercalary insert of common persimmon.

Annotation

The introduction of high-value technical varieties and progressive technologies of cultivation to produce high-quality raw materials for the production of dry and dessert vintage wines is an urgent task of the viticulture of the Daghestan Republic. New grapes varieties should have the ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of labor-consuming pro-cesses of caring for a bush, and to have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. The purpose of this research work is to expand the conveyor of varieties and to replenish the assortment of grapes with new technical varieties, which can serve as a raw material for the production of high quality wines, capable to replace the imported wine materials. The article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic technological characteristics of the new technical Fioletta grapes at its cultivation under the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. Fioletta is a new technical grapes variety of the Daghestan selection testing station for viticulture and horticulture, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture and Wine-making" breeding. The Fioletta variety was obtained by crossing of Gimra and Asyl Kara varieties. It differs from parental forms by the color and intensity of the berry coloring, thin skin, high sugar accumulation and very juicy pulp. Fioletta belongs to the group of varieties of the average maturation period. The grapes of this variety are used for the preparation of red table wines and juices. The introduction of the Fioletta grapes into production will serve as a good base for the formation of grape assortment with increased resistance to fungal diseases and vermins, winter and frost resistance, and will contribute to the expansion of the assortment of qualitative Russian wines, including ter-roir wines.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to determine the inheritance of genotypic traits and phenotypic features in the posterity of indigenous Daghestan grape varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara, using as the example a new search was carried out with grape varieties from the Ampelographic collection of the Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture: as Gimra (Tavalinsky Ranniy), Asyl Kara (Kizlyar Cherny) and a new variety of Fioletta (Gimra � Asyl Kara). The culture of the grapes is on own roots and with use of irrigation. In the process of research the next methods were used: field study of phenological, morphological and biological features and phases of varieties development; the statistical variational analysis with determination of the reliability of the results; the laboratory method in which the genotyping of grape varieties was carried out by the following SSR-marker: VVS2, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVMD5, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. As a control for molecular analysis the Cabernet- Sauvignon was used in our work. The article presents the phenotypic features and DNA-passports of indigenous Daghestan varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara and a new hybrid form obtained by hybridization of these varieties, named Fioletta, of the DSTSV&H breeding. The genetic commonality of the origin of the indigenous grape varieties studied, and the features of inheritance of phenotypic and genetic traits from parental forms are shown. It is noted in the article that the obtained DNA- passports of varieties can be effectively used to determine the clean varieties of planting material and grapes plantations of these varieties, and to determine the genetic proximity to one or another variety in the parent pair, and for the clarification of the parental forms of the sample, and also for the disputed questions of the authorship of the variety.

Annotation

The aim of this work was to study the effect of prospective in viticulture growth regulators on some morpho-anatomical and biochemical characteristics of grape berries to establish the prospects of their use for improving of transportability and keeping quality of grape products in case of prolonged storage. The novelty of our research is the fact that for the first time given a comprehensive assessment of the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action on the stability of the grapes during transportation and storage is given and the mechanisms to improve the transportability and the keeping quality of grapes production under influence of the tested growth reg-ulators are identified. This article presents the results of studying of promising plant growth regulators influence the anatomical, morphological and biochemical parameters of berries of late ripening grapes varieties, cultivated in the soil-climatic conditions of Daghestan. Research work was carried out at the production-experimental base of Dagestan experimental breeding station of viticulture and horticulture (Derbent). It is revealed the increase of the mechanical firm of the berries, the thickness of the skin and its share in the composition of the berries, the reducing of the respiration rate and mass loss of the berries after harvesting and during storage of grapes. The mechanical properties of berries are improved by treatment with gibberellin and by a mixture dropp and mival. The combined use of gibberellin with dropp and mival enhances the effect of drugs and makes it the most effective. The results of our research showed that the application of growth regulators on seed table grapes to improve the mechanical properties of the berries and bunches are very promising. Studied in the experiment preparations are proposed to be included in the technologies of table grapes production, intended for transportation and prolonged storage.