Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Karpushina Marina
Articles in journal: (total 8)
The relationship between biochemical characteristics and physiological mechanisms of apple resistance to abiotic stress of different origin varieties are established. The dynamics of the metabolism of apple varieties in view phenological phases of development, and during their long storage is analyzed. Quality indicators of high resistance of fruits to physiological diseases during stor-age, allowing to predict the storage period are established
One of the main problems of the fruit and berry industry currently is a group of systemic pathogens for which there are no effective remedies of protection. Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and bacterial pathogens cause huge damage to fruit producers. Their presence in plants reduces the yield and quality of agricultural crops. The prevalence of viral diseases in Russia varies from 32 to 80 % depending on the culture and region of cultivation. However, replacing the infected plant material with a nonviral one can increase productivity by up to 30%. For the production of virus-free planting material in the world, various methods for the elimination of viruses are used, including such as the culture of meristem (in vitro), thermotherapy, chemotherapy, micro grafting (microtransplantation) and cryotherapy of the meristem tips. These methods and approaches for the elimination of viruses are successfully used in various countries to effective viruses fight for almost all of the most economical important crops, which is an agricultural strategy for the production of virus-free plant material. The main factors affecting the efficiency of viruses elimination from plant material are as follows: type of virus, type of plant and its genotype, temperature and duration of thermotherapy, incremental temperature increase and its change, type and concentration of antiviral agents, explant source, tip size and the location of the meristem, genetic stability of the plant. The analyzed literature data on the elimination of viruses from plant material of various fruit crops show that the combination of methods for eliminating viruses has much higher efficiency when combining not only one, but several methods of plant healthing in turn, depending on the type of virus, type and variety of the crops.
Biotechnology is introducing into agricultural practice at a rapid pace. The biotechnological methods used play an important role in the cultivation of agricultural, horticultural and ornamental plants, which improve their agronomic performance. Biotechnological methods are highly effective because plant cells are totipotent, which means that every cell has the genetic information and cellular machinery needed to create an entire organism. Thus, with the help of tissue culture technology, it is possible to obtain a large number of plants that are genetically identical to the parent, as well as to each other. Plant tissue culture technology is widely used for large-scale plant propagation. In addition to being used as a research tool, plant tissue culture techniques have in recent years acquired important industrial significance in the fields of plant propagation, disease elimination, plant improvement, and the production of secondary metabolites. Small pieces of tissue (called explants) can be used to produce hundreds or thousands of plants in a continuous process. One explant can be propagated to several thousand plants in a relatively short period of time and under controlled conditions, regardless of the season and weather, on a year-round basis. The article provides a brief overview of the most important biotechnological methods used, such as micropropagation, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, protoplast culture and somatic hybridization. Based on the analysis of literature data, the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each biotechnological method is made, and how the considered biotechnological methods can affect the nursery industry and change the growing systems in nurseries.
The sterilization of explants is the most important step for the successful plants cultivation in vitro culture. The disinfectant have to neutralize the pathogenic microflora and do not damage of the plant tissues. This article present the assessment of the effectiveness of using the chlorine-containing tablets of the OKA-TAB trademark as an sterilizing substance for the rehabilitation of explants. One tablet of disinfectant contains 1.41-1.87g of active chlorine. For the illustrative treatment 0,5 % solution was used. The exposure time was 5 minutes. The presence of contamination, damage to the plant tissues (necrosis of objects) and the output of viable explants were taken into account. Apexes of SK 7, SK 2, SK 3, M 9, MM-106 apple rootstocks were introduced in vitro culture. Initiation was carried out during the active growth of shoots of apple rootstocks (May-June). Apexes were planted on a nutrient medium culture supplemented with the salts according to the prescription of Murashige and Skoog media (1962): ascorbic acid 1 mg /l, vitamins of B1, B6 and PP 0.5 mg /l, mesoinositol 100 mg /l, sucrose 30 g and agar-agar 0,8 %, BAP 0,4 mg /l. The plants were cultivated with the photoperiod of 16 hours, with air temperature of + 24 2 C and illumination of 2-3 thousand lux. According to the study, it was found out that 0,5 % solution of chlorine-containing tablets at an exposure of 5 minutes had a higher efficiency. The yield of explants was 75-98 % depending on the genotype. Therefore, OKA-TAB tablets could be used for surface treatment of apple rootstock explants during the active period of shoot growth, as an alternative remedy to sublimate (0,1 %).
The results of researches of biochemical indicators of the quality of 18 varieties of apples in summer, fall and winter maturing selection in NCSRIH&V (including 4 control varieties) grown in the Kuban region of Krasnodar area are presented. Varietal features of commodity qualities of fruit on the attractiveness of presentation, size (height, diameter, shape index of fruit), weight, firmness of the pulp are revealed. New varieties of apples with a high content of dry matter, sugars, starch, acids, vitamins (ascorbic acid, P-active substances) and pectin are identified. Indicators firmness of the pulp, levels of starch, acids, characterizing harvest maturity of the fruit established for apples late maturing.