Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The demand for the development of universal technologies by the method of green cuttings increases significantly in the production of basic mother plantings, i.e. when creating high quality planting material. Green propagation is one of the fastest and relatively cheap in relation to the in vitro method of propagation of plants from mother plantings of the original category. It is also necessary in the production of seedlings for intensive planting of hybrids, introduced material of interest. The relevance of identifying adaptive rootstocks and effective technologies makes it necessary to carry out joint research work with other institutions, increasing the evidence base and the accuracy of research, while significantly reducing the research time. The value of the direction lies in the possibility of isolating plants with a wide biopotential, which is especially valuable when stressful situations for stone fruit crops increase, especially in the spring-summer period. As a result of studies on shoot-forming ability, the most adaptive rootstocks were identified in different growing conditions � VSL-2 (KESS VIR breeding), Gisela 5 (Germany), 3-107, AI 1, 3-20 (NCFSCHVW breeding), AI-5 BD, AI-1 BD (NCFSCHVW and RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� breeding). All new forms of rootstocks were characterized by resistance to coccomycosis. Rootstocks with a short period of callus formation were noted. It was found that in the conditions of the south of Russia this indicator depended on the preparations used to increase rhizogenesis, in Belarus conditions � on the genotypes of the rootstocks. When propagating by green cuttings, a high yield of rooting was noted under the conditions of Belarus in rootstocks AI 1, AI-1 BD (100 %), VSL-2, AI-74 BD, AI-5 BD (85.2-91.2 %), under conditions of elevated temperatures in the south of Russia in forms 3-20 and AI-5 BD, VSL-2, AI-1 BD, (67-98 %). According to the joint data, the AI-1 DB rootstock was identified for all the studied parameters.

Annotation

In the South of Russia where conditions for cultivation of stone fruit cultures are most favorable, the areas of their cultivation significantly decreased. The statistics testifies that more than 70% of the population of Russia are tested by avitaminosis, because the own production covers only 25-30% of minimum required amount of fruits. The correct selection of the assortment of nursery planting will promote to considerably increase in production of fruit crops. The work purpose is the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific materials on the problems of state and development of nursery plantings. The results of analysis of the literary review of foreign and domestic authors on a subject of ensuring stability of nursery planting on the example of cultivation of variety-rootstock�s combinations of sweet cherry are presented in the article. It is shown that for successful development of domestic gardening it is necessary to cultivate the varieties corresponded to the modern requirements to quality of their fruits. It is necessary to use the rootstocks which allow to create the dense highly productive plantings giving the possibility to take a care of them without high labor expenses and capable to give a commodity harvest next year after landing. It is shown that now there is not domestic landing material of fruit crops of standard quality and competitive price in industrial volume. It is necessary in Russia to accelerate the creation of nursery plantings of virus-free material by means of biotechnology and to accelerate the production of the varieties and rootstocks demanded in the intensive gardening. It is especially noted that the state and productivity of fruit orchards, and also the structure and the direction of horticulture industry depend on varieties and rootstocks composition and quality of produced saplings.

Annotation

The creation of resistant varieties to coccomycosis (one of the most harmful diseases of cherry and sweet cherry) corresponds to the strategic directions for the development of Krasnodar Territory No. 1: a cardinal improvement in the quality and longevity of the population. In this regard, an important role is played by providing the population with the high-quality environmentally friendly products. The creation of resistant varieties Will allow you to avoid or reduce the number of chemical sprayings, to reduce the fruit production costs, and the most importantly, to help in solving the problem of obtaining environmentally safe products. As a result of many years work on the creation of genotypes resistant to coccomycosis, the forms of 3-33-34 and Yuzhanka were selected to the elite, which, due to a number of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits, differ markedly from standard varieties. So, under the conditions of the Goryachy Klyuch district, where as a result of long-term monitoring, it is noted in the population the most virulent clones overcoming the resistance of the A gene, the full yield was obtained only from the elites of Yuzhanka and 3-33-34 on the rootstocks of the NCFSCHVW breeding � to 16 t / ha. They are differed on the lowest indicators: the average number of coccomycosis pustules per 1 cm2 of leaf (0.08 � 1.1 to 5.25 � 1.3), resistance index (0-1357), generative activity of the fungis (0-2629). Timiryazevskaya cherry are also selected to the elite, with the late development of coccomycosis. Its distinctive features � the original taste of the fruits, high yield, up to 100 kg per tree. These elite forms also showed the complex resistance to drought, high summer temperatures and a number of diseases, which proved their suitability for resource-saving technologies of gardening.

Annotation

In the article the data on the influence of rootstocks � cherry seedlings and VSL-2 on height, trunk's diameter, size of one-year shoots and the number of annual branches of sweet cherry scion-rootstock combinations of E.M. Alekhina breeding (N�RRIH&V) in a young garden without irrigation are considered. The data of output of sapling under conditions of low humidity and high summer temperatures are analyzed. In the study the "Program and methodology of varieties study of the fruit, berry and nut crops" have used. The comparison of rooted plants of sweet cherry on different rootstocks is conducted. It is revealed that in the first years of the research the survival of sampling on VSL-2 rootstock is much higher (on average 29%) of that indexes in the almost all combinations. The greatest growth in a young garden have Alaya, Mak, Uyshnaya on seedlings of sweet cherry, and Volshebnitsa on the VSL-2 rootstock. It is noted that all studied combinations (except Alaya) have the height, trunk diameter, number of branches and the amount of annual shoots of the plants on the VSL-2 rootstock significantly greater than that indexes on the sweet cherry rootstock. Analysis of variance of data showed that the share of influence of the factor "genotype of rootstock" on the height of plant cherry is 30,27 %, on the diameter of the trunk � 22,05 %. It is shown that in the early years of plants development without watering the influence of rootstock genotype stronger than the influence of scion genotype (39,63 to 80,60 %). The influence of the scion genotype was observed only on the number of annual branches (6,45%). Two-factor analysis of variance also revealed the combined effect of the factors "genotype of the rootstock" and "scion genotype" on the variability of the studied parameters (0,22-1,54 %) in the early stages of research in a young garden.

Annotation

Using genetic-statistical approaches researches of annual and seasonal dynamics of concentration of biochemical parameters at defeat Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) forms of genus �erasus Mill in the system owner-activator-environment are studuied. Studying of structure of variability of biochemical parameters during vegetation of plants has allowed to find genetic-statistical approaches to establish of correlations with immunity, and also to develop the express train-method of an estimation of stability to illness. The observed ecological component of variability of biochemical attributes allows to develop new methods of forecasting of development of infection.