Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Zaremuk Rimma
Articles in journal: (total 41)
The results of plum breeding in the South of Russia are presented in the article. The hybrid plum forms have got using a wide variety of a genetic collection of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These forms will be a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this crop in the South of Russia and their use in the further breeding work. It is shown that the hybrid seedlings of NCRRH&V breeding have a rather high level of winter hardiness and resistance to the main diseases because in the process of their creation were used the highly adaptive plum varieties, such as Kabardinskaya Rannia, Prikubanskaya, Vengerka Albakha, President, Osennia and others. It is specified that the key importance in the process of variety creation has a selection of parental plum couples, possessing a complex of positive signs. The selection of valuable parental forms sources of a complex of the signs, accelerating the breeding process, is possible as a result of use of a plum gene pool. The created hybrid forms are selected on adaptability (winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), and productivity (fast bearing, yielding) and quality of fruits (weight, size, tasting assessment). As a result of the carried out research it is selected the high winter-hardy hybrids such as 17-6-80, 17-6-82, 17-6-110, 17-6-123, and also 17-6-80 and 17-6-82 forms steady against the main diseases. The assessment of technical fruits indicators of the studied hybrids and productivity of plum seedlings has allowed to select the top quality, fast bearing and fruitful forms: 17-6-82 (19,8 kg / tree), 17-6-110 (21,0 kg / tree) and 17-6-123 (33,5 kg / tree). The short characteristic of the perspective plum hybrid forms selected in the course of breeding is presented in the article.
The results of long-term work on selection and study of stone fruit crops in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. By the results of research the donors and sources of valuable signs that are recommended for breeding programs, and also perspective varieties of plums, cherries, and sweet cherries for industrial production in the conditions of the south of Russia are selected
The purpose of work is allocation of the fruits of plum varieties most valuable on quality for their use in breeding work on creation of new form of varieties, possessing the high technological and flavoring qualities. The results of studying of biochemical composition of plum fruits of various varieties with use of well known methods of research are presented in the article. Influence of the content of sugars, acids, sugar-acid index, ascorbic acid and P-active agents on taste quality of plum fruits is shown. Depending on variety and also cultivations conditions the plum fruits contain 10-20% of sugars, 0,4-2,0% of acids, 10-20% of solids, 0,3-2,5 mg / 100g of pectin substances, 15-20 mg / 100g of vitamin C, to 80-100 mg / 100g of P-active agents, to 400 mg / 100g of anthocyanins. On the basis of complex of technical and biochemical evaluations of fruits quality, the most valuable nutritionally and technologically plum varieties were allocated: Chachakskaya improved, Chachakskaya late, Stanley, Milena, Krasnodarskaya, Valevka, Podruga, Krasotka, Gertsog. These forms of varieties have the large size of fruits, the high tasting estimates and they contain the high amount of sugars, acids, vitamins and they differ by optimum sugar-acid index. These varieties are recommended for expansion of existing industrial assortment of plum domestic in the Krasnodar Region and for use in the breeding work.
The results of research of complex Polimiks-Agro fertilizer use in the Stanley plums plantings in the Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. It is established that not root processing of trees by studied preparation promoted the increase of buds/fruits quantity on an one inflorescence of plums plants in comparison with control variant without treatment. Use the "Polimiks-Agro" preparation in the phase "fruit formation" have impact on rationing of ovary/buds/fruits on plums plant. The increase of trees productivity of Stenley variety in all variants of experience with processing by "Polimiks-Agro" preparation is noted. The greatest increase of plants productivity is revealed in option No. 8 21,3 (+6,5) t/hectare and in option No. 5 20,8 (+6,0) t/hectare, the productivity of control is 14,8 t/hectare. The greatest average mass of plums fruits is received on variant of experience No. 4 with processing by complex fertilizer in the phase " fruit formation" 37,4 g and No. 6 with processing of plants in the phase "blossoming beginning" + "fruit formation " 37,5 g, that is caused by smaller loading of fruits of plums plants in these variants of experience. The results of the carried out biochemical analysis showed that the "Polimiks-Agro" preparation didnt render the essential influence on dynamics of accumulation of sugars, acids and ascorbic acid in the fruits of Stanley plum.
Genetic resources of fruit plants is the one of the most important components of biological diversity having the actual value for industry of fruit production and creation of raw materials for processing industry. In this regard the problems of studying and rational use of genetic collections are especially actual and they have connected with ensuring of food safety of the country. The results of use of genetic resources of stone fruit crops under the conditions of the South of Russia are presented in this article. The main directions of cherry breeding under the conditions of the southern gardening as the adaptability, and quality of fruits are shown. The characteristic is given to the cherry varieties of local breeding received on the basis of methods of trans-varieties and trans-species and hybridization and a mutagenesis. It is shown the efficiency of the directed breeding with use of sources of valuable traits allowed you to create the cherry varieties of new generation, steady against the dominate diseases (cocomicosus and monilia), drought-resistant, productive and with the high quality of fruits. By results of breeding work in the State register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation has included by two cherry varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute - Kirina and Krasnodarskaya sladkaya differing in high quality of fruits and productivity. The cherry varieties of different term of ripening are transferred to the State variety testing in the Region: early ripening - Aleksa and Cazachka, average ripening - Cubanochka, and variety of Nora of late term of ripening. The patent is taken out on Aleksa cherry. New varieties expand the zoned and promising assortment of stone fruit crops of domestic breeding and give the chance for creation of varieties resistant against biotic and abiotic stresses and for creation of steadily fructifying and highly productive cherry plantings in the South of Russia.