Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Nenko Natalia
Articles in journal: (total 33)
The frost resistance of the varieties of grape of different ecological and geographical groups and periods of ripening in the natural and simulated conditions is studied. During the period 2006 2011 more later entry of the plants of grapes into the state of organic dormancy is established. On the basis of es-timation of the complex of physiological and biochemical indices it is established that the frost resistance of grapes of Euro-AmurAmerican (variety Krystall) and European origin (variety Barhatniy and Cabernets Sovinyon) is caused both by the high stability of the protoplasm of cells to the dehydration and cellular membranes to the destruction; varieties of Euro-American ori-gin Dostoyniy, Pervenets Magaracha, Caber-net AZOS - the stability of theprotoplasm of cells to the dehydration also of varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Ach Chakrak by the stability of cellular membranes to the destruction
The experimental data of analysis of the content of free amino acids in the leaves of fructifying apple-tree with application of foliar fertilizing are received by method of capillary electrophoresis. The interrelation of the contents of some amino acids with the mineral composition of leaves is revealed, that suggests the possibility of diagnosing the effectiveness of foliar fertilising. Identified interrelations also can be used as additional diagnostic criterion for estimation of a physiological condition of fruit plants
It is established that the apple tree plants on watering in the low-moistening conditions of the Rostov and Stavropol regions characte-rized by high content of plastic substances, indicating on activization of physiological and biochemical processes at the optimize water regime. It is necessary for reduce the imbalance of the nutrinion elements on chernozem soils the rational and timely complex introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers
The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.
In the conditions of the climate change in southern Russia, unpredictable fluctuations in meteorological factors negatively affect the adaptive capacity of the apple tree to the summer stresses. The parameters of the water regime, the pigmental complex, and the area of the leaf blade serve as reliable criteria for the drought resistance of plants. The aim of this work is to study the features of water metabolism, photosynthetic activity of apple trees in the summer period; to identify the most drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Krasnodar region. The objects of research were apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Interprase, Florina, Orfey, Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe. Physiological and biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to deficit water supply and high temperatures is achieved by increasing the fraction of bound water in the total water content, increasing the proportion of carotenoids in the pigmental composition of the leaf. It was found that by the end of summer, all studied varieties had a decrease in water content in leaf tissues, and to a greater extent in varieties Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe by 12.2-14.2%. The varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe were distinguished as the most drought-resistant with the ratio of bound and free forms of water 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. The lowest indicators of the ratio of the chlorophylls sum and carotenoids (2.01-2.03) due to an increase in the proportion of carotenoids performing a protective function were found in the varieties Florina, Orfey, Prikubanskoe. The decrease in the area of the leaf blade in response to stress is the least shown in the varieties Orfey, Idared, Prikubanskoe. Apple varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020 and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.