Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The problem of grape�s adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.

Annotation

At present, the adaptive stability potential of some fruit varieties is insufficient for a response to climate changes in the North Caucasus Region of Russia. In this regard, the creation of varieties with increased environmental plasticity and high adaptive potential is relevant. Physiological and biochemical studies of apple varieties state after artificially induced low-temperature stress will allow to assess the studied apple varieties for resistance to critical frosts in mid-winter. A comparative assessment of the apple variety resistance to low temperature stress showed that there were quantitative changes content of malon dialdehyde content in the one-year shoots, as well as ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, chalcones, and peroxidase activity. It is established that in various apple varieties, peroxidase activity and antioxidant content in the tissue of shoots under conditions of low temperature stress varied with difference, detoxification of active oxygen forms (AOF) was achieved by various components of antioxidant protection. In the Prikubanskoye apple variety, the content of malondialdehyde in the one-year shoots remained almost unchanged, indicating the greater stability of the cell membranes, achieved due to the increased activity of peroxidase. n the Rodnichok variety, AOF detoxification is achieved by increasing in the ascorbic acid content by 3 times. Varieties of Rassvet and Prikubanskoe had the highest content of anthocyanins and chalcones, that indicate their greater frost resistance in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. Analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics we have found as a result of our research showed that Prikubanskoe apple variety is resistant (II component of winter hardiness). The varieties of Rassvet, Rodnichok, Idared are of less resistant to the highest frost in the mid-winter.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory, metabolic changes in apple varieties that differ in scab and drought resistance have been identified. Using physiological and biochemical methods with capillary electrophoresis the features of the apple tree`s leaves are studied in the summer growing season. According to the seasonal dynamics of some metabolites (malonic dialdehyde, chlorogenic acid, calcium ions), a comparative assessment of the response of apple varieties with different resistance to scab under influence of summer stressors was conducted. It was revealed that the smallest quantitative indicators of malon dialdehyde content under stressful conditions of August were observed in apple varieties, immune to scab, like Fortune, Soyuz and non-scab immune Rodnichok variety and were 0.123-0.192 �mol / g dry weight of the substance and it is indicating of their resistance to oxidative stress. During the summer period, the highest content of chlorogenic acid were observed in scab-immune apple varieties. In the period of the greatest impact of stress factors, in August, its content significantly increased in the varieties not immune to scab (1.14-1.55 times), that is plants indicating the induction of protective reactions against the scab pathogen. According to the physiological and biochemical indexes the apple variety Fortuna and the Union was identified as varieties with high resistance to drought and scab pathogen in the South of Russia. Metabolic assessment of apple varieties according to physiological nd biochemical characteristics is a reliable criterion of plant resistance to summer stressors, and can be used as indirect diagnostics methods for adaptability of fruit crops varieties.