Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Karavaeva Alla
Articles in journal: (total 19)
Laboratory and field data on studying of physiological and biochemical features of resistance to drought of different chromosomal apple-tree forms are presented.
The main objective of the conducted research the identification of the impact of fruit plantations construction on apple photosynthetic activity and productivity by using the physiological and biochemical, anatomical and morphological indices of foliages. With increasing of trees density in the garden the photosynthesis productivity decreases and the process of flower buds formation restrains. The features of the photosynthetic activity of Zarnitsa, Dean Art, Idared, Simirenkovets apple varieties on the SC3 stocks with various planting construction of intensive type is studied. The researches were conducted on the basis of fruit plantations of Institutes experimental farm with using of standard methods of research. Based on the study of the complex of physiological and biochemical parameters of plants and anatomical and morphological traits of the leaf the optimum construction of plantings of intensive type for studied apple-tree varieties are established. The construction of fruit plantations with planting scheme 4 x 1.2 with spindle forming of crown has a higher efficiency of the photosynthetic activity and productivity. Selecting of the optimal system forming in the orchard with dense placement of apple trees allows to increase the fruits yield of Simirenkovets variety on 46.8% and Dean Art variety on 67.3%.
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
The questions of adaptative resistance of apple-tree varieties of various ecological-geographical origin to hydrothermal conditions of the winter and summer periods of plants development in the North Caucasian region of Russia are considered in the article. In the process of carried out research the comparative data characterized a physiological condition of apple-tree studied varieties during the winter and summer periods of 2013-2016 are obtained. The modern physiological-biochemical and anatomical-morphological methods of research with use of highly effective ana-lytical equipment are used in the work. It is noted that tree ploidy apple varieties of the Souys and the Rodnichok of native breeding, and also the diploidy varieties of the Aydared (USA) and Precubansko-ye (native breeding) in a winter time on physiological and biochemical parameters show themselves as high winter-hardy, in comparison with others studied varieties. It is shown that biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to a low-temperature stress is reached due to synthesis of the increased amount of proline, su-crose, the phenolcarbonic, chlorogenic, ABA acids and peroxidase. It is established that during the summer vegetative period of 2013-2016 the tree ploidy apple varieties of the Soues and the Rodnichok, and also the diploidy of Precubanskoye (all varieties of native breeding) have the best ability to adapt to a high-temperature stress and a drought, in comparison with other studied varieties. In the leaves of these apple varieties under the condition of summer extremal temperatures it is accumulated, more form of water, proline, sucrose and ABA, made the protective function, are accumulated. The adaptation features of plants revealed in the course of the research prove the necessity of use of potential opportunities of native apple varieties for breeding process as sources of signs of winter hardiness and drought resistance.
Under of diversity of soil-climatic conditions the abiotic factors act as limiting and they destabilize the system of growth and development of plants in a fruit agricenoses. The role of adaptation reactions of varieties of fruit crops increases under these conditions. The main purpose of research was the study of dynamics of metabolites of apple-tree varieties of Idared, Prikubanskoye, Ligol varieties on CK4 rootstock under the conditions of different moisture of spring and summer period, including the double use of special fertilizers in combination with growth regulators. In article the analysis of change of weather conditions in May-August is given; dynamics of fractional composition of water is studied. Data on dynamics of carbohydrates and the content of organic acids and phenolic compounds are presented. Products of sugars oxidation are researched, realization of reproductive function of apple-tree plants is analysed. At this stage of research it was defined that Idared and Prikubanskoye apple-trees differed in the highest and stable content of free water in the leaves during the period from June to August and the raised content of phenolic compounds that promotes stabilization of regulatory functions of plants. Rather high level of synthetic reactions is revealed at apple-trees of Idared, Prikubanskoye and Ligol when determining the dynamics of protein content, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and organic acids. The responsiveness of apple-tree plants on leaves processings by water solutions of special fertilizers and regulators of growth is shown. On the basis of the data obtained in research the conclusion is made that the studied apple-tree varieties are suitable for creation of steady fruit agric cenosis under the conditions of the South of Russia.