Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Shalyaho Tatiana
Articles in journal: (total 18)
A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.
The results of physiological and biochemical studies frost-resistant of grape varieties are presented in the article in natu-ral and simulated environments. Ranges of variation of the Optima biochemical parameter of frost resistance (in the state of deep and compelled rest), allowed grape varieties such as Crystal, Krasnostop, AZOS, Dostoyniy to survive in extreme winter conditions of Anapa-Taman region, are established in result of study of stress factors influence of winter period on bio-chemical composition of plant organs of highly resistant to low temperatures grape varieties.
The stability of grapes types of different origin to the complex of the abiotic stress factors of summer period of Anapo-Taman zone is studied. On the basis of determination of anatomical-morphological and physiological and biochemical indexes it is established that the hybrids of Euro-American origin possess the combined stability to the stress factors of summer periods.
In the conditions of summer period of Anapa city the grapes of the early maturity Crystal, Bianca; middle term maturing Barhatnyy and late Cabernet Sauvignon are heat-resistant due to the resistance of cellular membranes to the destruction and the plasma of cells to the dehydration.
In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).