Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

At present, the prospect of increasing in the efficiency of protective measures in the vine orchards can be achieved with the development on the modern level of environmental approaches to the improvement of plant protection practices taking into account the features of the resort areas of Crimea. The purpose of our research was studying of efficiency of natural origin preparation of domestic production, the working off of regulations of their application for effective control of mildew, oidium, gray and sour decay, the increase in yilding of grapes orchards that is extremely urgent direction of research today. Laying of experiences and accounting were carried out using the standard techniques in the vine growing and protection of plants. Intensity of diseases defeat of a grapes bush organs in the experiment's options was compared to control option (without processings) and to a standard option (use of chemical fungicides by 100% to norm). The results of studying of the using effeciency of Bactofit, SK and Agat-25K, FP bio-logical agents for control of diseases in grapevine orchards of the South-Western and Southern coast viticultural zones of Crimea in the period of 2014-2016 are presented in this article. On the basis of carried out research the time-limit for the application of the biological protective agents in the integrated system of vines protec-tive measures has been established, taking into account the peculiarities of the culture and the pathogenic pathway of the epiphitotiously hazardous diseases. The data obtained in an experiment show that Baktofit application, SK and Agate-25K, TPS increase in the quantity of grapes harvest of the Muscat Yantarny (for 7,6%), Rkatsiteli (for 8,6% and 13%) and the Muscat Bely (for 11,6% and 10,7%) and improve the qualitative characteristics of these varieties.

Annotation

We carried out a two-year research in the affected by phytoplasma disease (Bois noir) Chardonnay vineyards in the South-West zone of Crimea. In 2014, when 26.8 % of the vine bushes have been demonstrated the symptoms of phytoplasma disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 2.5 affected shoots per bush, we found a significant reduction in the average number of bunches on the affected bushes, specifically by 34.5 %; the average bunch weight was reduced by 23.5 %; the estimated vine yield went down by 50.4 %. In 2015, when 62.7 % of vines showed the symptoms of the disease, and the damage degree constituted on average 3.7 affected shoots per bush, the reduction in the average bunch weight reached 61.7 %, that of the vine yield � 66.7 %. Monitoring of Auchenorrhyncha revealed four native species that can act as phytoplasma vectors spreading the disease from the infected to healthy plants: Hyalesthes obsoletus, Hyalesthes luteipes, Reptalus panzer, Fieberiella florii. The number of the pests was 1-5 samples in a trap during June-September period. When studying the possibility of reducing the negative impact of Bois noir on grape-vines in case of using plant growth bioactivators K-Humate-Na + Gumasporin and Sana-Tam, as well as bactericide Fitoplazmin (water-soluble concentrate) we weren�t able to obtain reliable data on curbing the spread of phytoplasmos with the abovementioned drugs under test rates and frequency of treatments. Removing the affected vine shoots resulted in 14.8 % reduction of the number of affected by Bois noir plants and reduction in the damage degree by 1.2 times. Combining agricultural practices with experimental preparations had, to varying degrees, a positive impact on certain quantitative yield indicators; the influence on sugar content in the juice of the berries has not been established. The obtained results are preliminary; the research will be continued.

Annotation

In the 2016-2017 the etiology of �summer� grape rots affecting Muscat Blanc grapes in conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea studied. These rots are becoming more and more important economically and can lead to the loss of up to 80% of the ripening harvest. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is a complex one and is caused by the development of such species as Botrytis cinerea Pers., Guignardia baccae (Cav.) Jasz., Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Rizopus nigricans Ehr., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Penicillium sp. It was established that sour rot prevails in the structure of berry rots affecting grapes by the harvest time (the third decade of August and the first and second decades of September). We studied how various affecting Muscat Blanc grapes berry rot pathogens depend on the temperature regime and berry juice sugar content. A strong correlation was established between the intensity of oidium development and damage to the grapes caused by thrips and the level of sour rot development. Laboratory and field experiments provided data on the biological effectiveness of modern specialized fungicides in controlling the development of grape rot pathogens. Fungicides application proved insufficient in preventing harvest loss of Muscat Blanc grapes from sour rot. To effectively control this disease, it is necessary to develop a separate set of measures, including those aimed at improving the mechanical strength of the grape berry skin, prevent oidium and herbivore thrips damage to the epidermis during berry growth, limit the development of fruit flies during the ripening of grapes.