Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Rationing the bush load with shoots and bunches allows to effectively manage the productivity of grapes. The research is to study the productive variability of grapes under the influence of differentiation of bush load with shoots and bunches, to optimize the regulations of agrotechnology of the table variety Livia (Flamingo × Arcadia) on the Oppenheim SO4 rootstock. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, in vineyards with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.8×2.0 m. The variety has a high responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the bunch size and the yield capacity of grapes when varying the number of vegetative and generative organs in plants. This makes it possible to optimize the regulations of bush management for obtaining high yields and large bunches of grapes. The largest bunch size, 567 g, is formed in the presence of 25 shoots and 28 bunches per bush; the highest yield capacity, 23.34 t/ha, including commodity yield capacity � 20.59 t/ha, is formed with 25 shoots and 33-35 bunches per bush. Grape yield capacity against the background of increased and reduced bush load with bunches are in a strong and direct correlation with the shoot load. Against the background of an increased load of bushes with bunches, the correlation coefficient is r = 0.71; with a reduced load, r = 0.99. Against the background f a moderate load of bushes with bunches, the correlation dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is moderate and direct (r = 0.49). The bunch weight of grapes is in close and medium direct dependence on the load of bushes with shoots, close and average inverse dependence on their number.

Annotation

The article considers the issue of the impact of the load of table grape bushes with shoots and bunches on plant productivity. The place of research is the fourth subzone of the Central Agroecological Zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, characterized by a moderate continental climate and low�humus, leached powerful chernozems as soils. As an object of research after exploratory studies in 2021, among different table grape varieties (Gurman Kraynova, Dubovskiy rozovyi, Kishmish Dubovskiy and Centennial Seedless), the Centennial Seedless variety was selected as promising for studying the load of bushes with shoots and bunches according to the parameters of the proportion of fruiting shoots (93 %), the bunch weight (0.73 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.73 kg per shoot). According to the indicator complex in the first year of research after the experimental field trial, the following variants of bush loading with shoots and bunches were distinguished: the control first variant (35 shoots and 27 bunches per bush after breaking-off shoots) by the proportion of dead buds (16.7 %) and fruiting shoots (72.5 %), the number of inflorescences (30 pcs.), the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.75), yield capacity (26.7 t/ha) and shoot productivity (0.59 kg per shoot); the fourth variant (23 shoots and 21 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.81) and the productivity of the shoot (0.7 kg per shoot), the fifth variant (23 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the fruitfulness coefficient k2 (1.45), the bunch weight (0.91 kg), the loss from the bush (0.33 kg) and the productivity of the shoot (0.56 kg per shoot), the seventh variant (17 shoots and 15 bunches) according to the proportion of dead buds (16 %), fruitfulness coefficients k1 (0.81) and k2 (1.55); the ninth variant (13 shoots and 8 bunches) according to the proportion of fruiting shoots (61.5 %), fruitfulness coefficient k1 (0.77) and shoot productivity (0.55 kg per shoot).

Annotation

The article considers the issue of scion-rootstock combinations of seedless grape varieties in Russia and the world. The rootstock influences the physiological and biochemical parameters, stability, yield capacity and quality of the yield of grafted grape varieties. It is relevant to study the experience of different countries to determine the direction of research on this topic in Russia. In the world, the main research is concentrated predominantly in the countries producing table grapes: India, China, Egypt, Chile, Brazil, Greece, there are also studies from Mexico, Chile and Australia. Depending on the agro-climatic conditions, soils and terrain, appropriate rootstocks are used. High indicators of productivity, quality and resistance to stressors can be achieved in plants of the same variety on different rootstocks, for example, the yield capacity of the Thompson Seedless variety in Egypt is higher on the 1103 Paulsen rootstock, and quality indicators are higher on the Salt Creek rootstock. In Australia, the own-root variant had a higher fruitfulness of shoots, but Thompson Seedless variety grafted on Ramsey rootstock had higher yield capacity and bunch size. Scion-rootstock combinations are studied both for proven grape varieties and for new ones. Studies of variety-rootstock combinations in Russia are limited to individual works. The main rootstock for seedless varieties is Kober 5BB. Given the high role of rootstocks in increasing the abiotic and biotic stability of plantings, increasing productivity and improving the quality of grapes, the development of research in our country in the field of studying and effective use of rootstocks is relevant.

Annotation

The method of formation and mainte-nance of bushes in the nursery plays a primary role in the measures to increase the efficiency of rootstock cultivation. The formation of bushes is an important agrotechnical mode, regulated the growth and development of plants and the quality of planting material. The best way of bushes formation, is the way when the greatest yield of qualitative cuttings is ensured from an unit of area at the lowest cost. The following main principles determine the theoretical basis for choosing the forms of grape bushes in the nursery of vine rootstocks: they are the construction of bushes and the biology of the varieties used should be maximally adapted to local conditions of growth, to desrease in the negative influence of abiotic stressors, to respond to varietal characteristics, and to be convenient for manual and mechanized work. The purpose of this work is the theoretical substantiation of the development of effective methods of plantations growing grape nursery that provide an increase in the yield and quality of standard cuttings under conditions of the grafted crop cultivation. This study consisted of a review of Russian and foreign literature, articles, reports and electronic sources (magazines, books and websites) on this subject, related to the formation of wine rootstock nurse-ry plantation. Despite the existence of a wide variety of forms and ways of vine bushes keeping, there are a number of deficiencies that adversely affect the quality and yield of cuttings from an unit area, and making it more difficult to control the diseases and vermins. Therefore, at present, the creation and development of new resource-saving ways of vine rootstock nursery maintaining for the production of high-quality cuttings is one of the urgent tasks in the field of grape nursery keeping.

Annotation

In the conservation and improvement of soil fertility, ensuring the productivity and stability of agrolandscapes, the ecosystems of perennial grasses are of particular importance. Impact on the soil of sideration, increase in organic mass in the soil and application of fertilizers improve it, form plantations resistant to diseases and vermins. Perennial grasses of agrolandscapes are traditionally used as one of the most effective factors of soil formation, improvement and protection of soils. Such system significantly reduces the cost of soil maintaining and the cost of finished products. An integrated approach to the maintenance of a grape bush from laying to harvesting can ensure not only the obtaining of high-quality products, but also the preservation of the productivity of perennial agrocenoses throughout their cultivation period. The object of our research is the grapes of the Cabernet Sauvignon and the Chardonnay of 2012 planting. The methods of research are laboratory-analytical and field stationary. Agrobiological registrations were carried out in 6 model bushes of grapes in each variant of the experiment. As a result of the research we carried out, it has been established that soil sowing through one vineyard spacing of Lolium perenne L. (40 %) and Trifolium repens (60 %) positively influence increasing in the yield capacity and improving the quality of the grape juice of the varieties studied. The best organoleptic characteristics of the wine samples of from the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were obtained in the variant with soil turf soving through one row spac-ing, from the Chardonnay grapes the best wine samples were obtained in the variant with black soil.