Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Experimental data of field studies carried out in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory about the different agrobiological reaction of the Libya variety to the rootstocks of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 and Shasla × Berlandieri 41B are presented. Scheme of bush planting on the plot studied of 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes � a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agro-ecological conditions, the Libya grapes on the 41B rootstock significantly surpass the SO4 grapes in terms of the combination of positive characteristics. Biometric economically valuable traits of the Libya grape variety on the 41B rootstock were significantly better than that on the SO4 rootstock. On the rootstock 41B, the berry acquires an oval shape, and they are larger, the bunch is cylindro-conical, the color is yellow-orange with a faint scarlet tint on the sunny side. The beginning of ripening and harvesting of grapes on this rootstock begins earlier by 17-13 days, mass ripening � by 20-7 days. In the vineyards grafted on the 41B rootstock, the grape yield was 1.9 times higher than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 26.65 t / ha. The share of the marketable part of grapes on the 41B rootstock was 94 % and on the SO4 rootstock � 84 %. The tasting score of berries grown on the 41B rootstock was on average 8.6 points, as well as on SO4 � 8.1 points. The differences are related to the different accumulation of sugar in the berries.

Annotation

The work are presented the results of embryonic fruitfulness assessment in new table grape grafted hybrid forms of domestic breeding. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different grape hybrid forms is varied, despite the identical conditions of growing environment. Taking into account the significant impact of the biological characteristics and environmental conditions of growing grapes on initiation of embryonic flowers and productivity of plantations following aim was set � to determine the common factors of embryonic flowers formation and to optimize the cut length of domestic breeding table hybrids of Akello, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Agat Dubovskiy, Dubovskiy Rozoviy, Pestriy grape shoots. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of hibernating buds were conducted during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grape hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots and different adaptive potential of varieties under the conditions of increased solar insolation are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness in the conditions of temperature stress have been in the hybrids of Agat Dubovskiy and Pestriy. The placement of productive zones along the length of the shoot was uneven. In case of uneven placement of productive zones, shoot pruning of the studied grape hybrid forms is recommended to be carried out differentially. For the grape form of Akello the length of the shoots pruning should be on 6 eyes, for Kishmish Dubovskiy � 9 eyes, for the hybrid forms of Pestriy, Agat Dubovskiy and Dubovskiy Rozoviy � 8 eyes.

Annotation

The article provides experimental data confirming the patterns of changing the productivity of table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya due to changes in load of shoots and clusters on bushes. Field studies are made in the Central agroecological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, Grapevines were planted 3.5 × 3.5 m and training system � high-trunk bilateral cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of the active temperatures is 3900�4100 �C, the maximum temperature during vegetation - +40 ºC, the minimum in winter is lowered to -30 ºC. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Thin-humous soils, leached deep chernozem. In such agroecological conditions, the variety showed a high responsiveness to various load of shoots and clusters on bushes. The correlation dependence of the total weight of the clusters from one bush and yield from the number of clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.75. With the load of shoots 50 pcs/bush and the load of clusters 63 pcs/bush the average weight of the grape clusters reaches the greatest value and amounts 0.406 kg. The greatest yield of commercial grapes 19.7 t/ha is formed with the load of shoots and clusters on bushes in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush, respectively. With such regulations of the load on the bushes, the cluster of grape retains an attractive commodity appearance and its weight amounts 0.394 kg. Optimized bushes load regulations of shoots and clusters in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush is recommended to use in the central agroececological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region for growing high yields of the commodity table variety Podarok Nesvetaya on the rootstock Berlandieri × Riparia SO4.

Annotation

Modification changes in the phenotype and the norm of reaction in the technical grape variety Vydvizhenec under the influence of natural conditions against the background of traditional and biological ways of soil management have been established. The studies were carried out in the agro-ecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the south of Russia using modern methods of field research. The average annual air temperature at the research site was 9.7 ºC. During the growing season (May-September) the temperature was 19.9 º�, during the period of active growth of grape berries (II. June-III. August) � 22.5 º�, the maximum rose to plus 39.3 º�, the minimum in the wintering period of grapes dropped to minus 26.7 º�. The annual temperature range was 54.2 ºC. The drop in air temperature within the day during the growing season was 10.7 degrees Celsius, the maximum � 17.7 º�. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation varied from 433 to 866 mm, with a norm of 620 mm. Variations in weather conditions were accompanied by modification variability in the number of clusters, average cluster weight, and grape yield. According to the correlation analysis, the strongest influence was exerted by the minimum air temperature (January-February) on the number of clusters (r = 0.64�0.41) and the average cluster mass (r = -0.67�-0.52), the average temperature in the previous year by the number of clusters (r = 0.65�0.41), the average annual temperature per cluster weight (r = -0.47�-0.35). Atmospheric precipitation as a whole for the year influenced the mass of the cluster (r = -0.38�-0.30). The influence of weather conditions on the grape yield was weak. The reaction norm of the number of clusters was equal 23 against the background of black fallow, 25 � natural grassing-down and 30 pcs/bush � sowing of sour dock, the average weight of the cluster, respectively, 129, 90 and 103 g, the grape yield � 5.79; 5,52 and 6,00 kg/bush.

Annotation

Cultivation of popular classical wine grapes cultivars clones adapted to local growing conditions makes the possibility to obtain the traditionally high quality harvest at a lower cost of production. Approximately 60 % of the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are located in the Temryuk area, thus, the conducting of the mass clonal breeding on grapes cultivars in this agricultural region is of particular importance. The highly productive protoclones of cultivar Caberne Sauvignon were allocated in the industrial vineyards using the clonal breeding and DNA-analysis. In this paper we present the results of study of CHK1-10 clone. In average it significantly superior to the original variety control bushes at 73 % by yield, at 15 % on buds safety after overwintering, as well as other traits. The evaluation of vegetative progeny of clones on the clon-test sector also shows the good results. The bushes are aligned by vigor, they characterized by weak fungal diseases, the high yield capacity combined with good wine quality. Currently, along with the ampelographic and biochemical study, DNA analysis became the basis for a reliable identification and for study of grapes genetic polymorphism. Comparative microsatellite analysis of DNA of protoklon plants and typical vines of Cabernet Sauvignon reveals the difference in the sample 1-10. It is planned to transfer of this clone to State variety testing. The combined use of traditional breeding approaches and molecular analysis methods allows to expect the greater efficiency in the identification of grapes clones.