Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents experimental data confirming the production variability of table grape variety Viktor during biological manipulation with a living plant organism and its organs. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The planting scheme of bushes 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high- standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum air temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, air temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. In such agroecological conditions, the Viktor grape variety has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the mass of the bunch and the yield of grapes, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest weight of a bunch is formed at an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and is 0.777 kg. The correlation dependence of the average weight of a bunch of grapes of the Victor variety on the number of shoots on the bushes is moderate, r = 0.3. The yield capacity of grapes, including commercial ones, tends to decrease with a decrease in the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. The highest yield capacity of grapes was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (26-30 pieces/bush) and bunches (17-20 pieces/bush) and amounted to 18.19 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the load of bushes with shoots and bunches is medium and strong, r = 0.68 and r = 0.71, respectively. The share of commercial grapes is high, on average 92 %. The largest share of the commercial grape yield, 96 %, was in the variants with an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and an average load of bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and amounted to 13.5 t/ha.

Annotation

In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD �Tsentralnoye� (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.

Annotation

Analysis of existing grapes assortment in the Krasnodar region and its structure and tendencies of change is presented. The problem of improvement of grapes assortment in unstable environment conditions is presented. Varieties of local breeding for assortment improvement are offered

Annotation

With the increase and shift of the physiologically significant air temperature in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the south of Russia in the period from 1975 to 2018, there were significant changes in the phenological cycles of the Occidentalis C. Negr. The duration of the growing season from budbreak to physiological maturity of grapes decreased for Riesling Italian by 18, Sauvignon Blanc by 21, Cabernet Sauvignon by 14 days. For the Riesling Italian variety, the duration of the period from budbreak to flowering decreased by 6 days, from flowering to veraison by 6 days, from veraison to physiological maturity by 5 days, for the Sauvignon Blanc variety, respectively, by 4, 2 and 15 days, for Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5, 1 and 7 days. The beginning of budbreak shifted to a later date � for Riesling Italian for 1 day, Cabernet Sauvignon for 2 days, for Sauvignon Blanc it remained unchanged. The beginning of all other phases of vegetation shifted to earlier dates. The beginning of flowering shifted for Riesling Italian by 3 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 5 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 3 days. The beginning of veraison shifted for Riesling Italian by 7 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 6 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5 days. The beginning of physiological maturity shifted for Riesling Italian by 12 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 21 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 12 days. The duration of all phases of the growing season has a close positive correlation with the sum of active air temperatures (r = 0.70�0.91). The duration of the period from budbreak to flowering is in a close negative correlation with the average temperature (r = -0.71�-0.80), in a close and average negative � with the minimum temperature (r = -0,88�-0.55). Veraison has a close negative correlation with the average and minimum air temperature (r = -0.74�-0.71).

Annotation

The article considers the issue of loading bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches in the world practice. The analysis is presented on the timing and length of pruning shoots, the load of bush by shoots, the load of bushes by bunches and methods for regulating the compactness of bunches of seedless grape varieties. The timing of pruning regulates the growth strength of shoots and the maturation time of early seedless grape varieties. Experiments on the timing of pruning often combined with subsequent treatment with growth regulators to increase yields. The length of the pruning of shoots affects the condition and death of the buds, the timing of the passage of phenological phases, productivity and quality of seedless varieties. Variety specificity and pruning dependence are noted: some varieties prefer short pruning (Perlett in India, White Seedless and Red Seedless in Iran), some � long (Beauty Seedless in India, Kishmish Batir in Uzbekistan, etc.). With an increase in the number of shoots per bush, yield capacity increase, however, the quality of grapes decreases, which also happens when the load of bunches increases. For the Jumba Seedless variety, despite the high performance with a low load of bushes with bunches, a higher one is recommended for an optimal ratio of productivity and quality. Thinning of bunches is also a common technique for regulating yield and quality, however, it is necessary to take into account the timing of thinning � too early removal of part of the inflorescences can lead to the formation of an excessively loose bunch, as in the BRS Vitoria variety in Brazil. Studies of the load of bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches are relevant, especially in view of modern climate changes and increasing demand for high-quality products. Such studies are few in number in Russia, which requires closer study for the development of table seedless viticulture.