Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The analysis of meteorological data in the Temruyk area of Krasnodar region in the long-term dynamics is presented in the article. The changes of abiotic factors in annual cycle and in the discrete phases of grapes vegetation are shown. In the area conditions the technical and drought resistance grapes varieties are recommended

Annotation

It is shown that the system of machines, applied now, on many positions doesnt coincide with a demanded complex of machines for the long-term fruit plantings and vinegrapes, especially with a perspective system of machines. The many factors influence on the state, level and prospect of mechanization development of fruit growing and wine growing: land relief, size of plantings, schemes of plants landings. The characteristics of modern and perspective machines for cultivation and harvesting of long-term plantings (fruits and grapes) are submitted on the results of studying of technological prosess of machine working. The defects of operating system of machines � the lack of the domestic machines for landing and cutting, beveling, defoliation, etc. of perennial plants, are noted. Existing power means dont meet the modern requirements of perspective production technologies of fruits and grapes, and the requirements for energy saving and ecology. There is a conclusion that it is necessary to develop the domestic machines for mechanization of the most labor-intensive processes of landing, cutting, defoliation of plants, and beveling of herbs in the row-spacings. So it is necessary to introduce more in the production the limit applied diskators of type BDM-25x2 and reconstructed OP-2000 sprayers, with prospect of their replacement of more perfect types, for example "NARDI" (Denmark). The addresses of producers and dealers of mechanization means are given in the article.

Annotation

The presence in the soil of aggressive chemicals, under the conditions of a permanent anthropogenic factor, reduces the activity of microbiological activity and biochemical processes. The ability of pesticides to bioaccumulate activates the processes of soil degradation and pesticide's migration in the ecosystem of soil-plant-grapes. The structure change of the upper fertile soil layer, the aggressiveness of toxic chemicals in relation to microbes increases in its degradation. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanisms of biotransformation of the degraded ampelocenoses soil. The objects of research are the industrial grape orchards of the technical grape variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon, the vineyard's soil, the grapes, toxic residues, biofertilizer and the agric ways of the soil matenance in the vineyards. The technogenic load was estimated according to the pollution degree of the ampelocenoses ecosystem (soil-grapes) by toxic elements. The determination of toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted procedures using chromatographs: gas "Color 500 M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The biochemical composition of the grape must was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis using "Kapel-104T" and "Kapel-105". The degree of microbiological efficiency and decomposition of biomass of bio-fertilizer + EM-1 + mezga was determined taking into account to the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil of experimental plots after one-year application of pulp with organic fertilizer. In the process of research, the mechanisms of biotransformation are established, due to soil enrichment with complex biofertilizer, which activates the processes of formation and functioning of soil biocenosis, ensuring the decay of persistent toxic chemicals. The number of actinomycetes increased by 3.0 % and bacteria � by 15.5 %, the concentration of toxicants in the soil decreased by 35 % (spring) and by 57 % (autumn). The content of nutrients (organic acids) in the grapes increased from 7 % to 17 %.

Annotation

The article presents the results of research aimed at creating competitive, highly productive vineyards with stable fruiting and high quality grape-wine products. An approach based on the creation of software based on established relationships and interdependencies in the "soil-plant-climate" system is proposed. The purpose of the research was to develop a decision-making algorithm for the selection of optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions and a PC for its implementation. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. The source of information about grape varieties was: the All-Russian ampelographic collection (city of Anapa), the collection of ARNRIV&W �Magarach� (Republic of Crimea), the collection of ARRIV&W named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Rostov region), Dagestan collection (city of Derbent). Modern methods of modeling and information technology were used as a methodological basis for research. Competent selection of variety when laying a vineyard is one of the main factors in the formation of competitive plantations. It is necessary to take into account requirements of variety for the temperature regime of the cultivation zone (the sum of active temperatures, minimum temperatures and the frequency of their repetition) when selecting a variety, in the case of grafted planting material, the affinity of the graft-rootstock combination and the characteristics of the rootstock. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for selecting varieties and rootstocks for specific edaphoclimatic characteristics of the area of cultivation of grape plantations has been developed, which will ensure the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of varieties and the edaphoclimatic potential of the cultivation zone. The next stage of research was the direct programming of modules for calculating the selection of varieties according to specified criteria, which will allow creating software (PC) for the decision-making process for choosing the optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions.