Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Petrov Valeri
Articles in journal: (total 85)
A specific conceptual framework has been developed that reflects the functional load of a concepts number, such as edaphic, biocenotic, agrocenotic stability, management of ecological and economic stability of reproductive processes; a cognitive map of environmental and economic stability management, and tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses. The necessity of managing the ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses, the organization of which has a pronounced specificity, is grounded. The parametric model of ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses is developed. A comparable assessment of the actual values of indicators characterized the ecological and economic stability of the agroecosystem elements with the normative values is given. Functional imbalances and imbalances in the organization of grape agrocenoses are revealed, due to both the negative manifestation of a decrease in edaphic, agrocenotic and biocenotic stability, and the negative influence of macroeconomic factors reduced both the economic efficiency of production of industrial products and reproductive opportunities. The criterions for managing the ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses are developed: equilibrium, adaptability, stability. A cognitive map of the management of ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses is proposed, which allows us to determine the functional relationships between the structural components of agrocenoses and to assess the consequences of the influence of various factors (internal and external) the stability and efficiency of reproduction processes in the industrial viticulture. The optimal parameters of edaphic, biocenotic and agrocenotic stability are calculated based on the identified ecological and economic dependencies. The tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses are considered. Evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed cognitive models of management of ecological and economic stability that will allow you to adjust financial costs within the standard range; to achieve the optimal level of implementation of production potential; to reduce the level of chemical technogenic effect the components of agro-ecosystems; to ensure the necessary quality and food safety of the products obtained; to achieve a high technological and economic outcoming.
The most important technique of agricultural technology to increase the productivity and quality of grapes is pruning of bushes, the length of which depends on the most productive zone of shoots. To determine the zone of the greatest production of the shoot, the embryonic fruitfulness of the buds is estimated, depending on the biological characteristics of the grape varieties and agroecological factors of the location, both natural (weather and climatic, soil and spatial conditions) and anthropogenic (management system, pruning, fertilizer use, etc.). In 2018, we studied the special aspects of inflorescences formation and differentiation of new table grapes hybrid forms of E.S. Gusev breeding (Volgograd) under the arid and hot conditions of the Volgograd. Territory in this work research results are presented of the embryonic fruitfulness of the new table grapes hybrid forms of Ispolin, Courage, Hamlet, Valencia, Artek, Timothy in the Krasnodar Region. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone, subzone 4. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of buds under winter were carried out during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grapes hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness were in the grape hybrids of Hamlet, Artek and Timothy under the conditions of temperature stress, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in the zone 6-8 wintering buds.
The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.
The paper present the experimental data of field studies in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory to optimize the load of grape bushes with shoots and bunches of the Livya variety on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock on drip irrigation. The scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature on the zone condition is 12.5-13.0 º, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900- 4100 º, the maximum temperature during the plants growing season is plus 40 º, the minimum temperature in winter drops to minus 30 º. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agroecological conditions, the grape variety Livya on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock showed high responsiveness to optimizing the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. When the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pieces / bush and bunches are in the amount of 24 pieces / bush, the average weight of a grape bunch reaches the highest value and is 0.767 kg. The highest yield of 31 t / ha with the highest share of marketable yield of 97 % is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs / bush, respectively. With such regulations for the load of bushes, the average mass of a grape bunch is 15 % less and is 0.669 kg. The optimized regulation of the load of bushes with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs. / bush, respectively, can be recommended in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for growing high yields and good quality of Livya grapes.
It is established that the indicators of work of aggregate including a tractor MTZ-82 and harrow BDM-2,5×2 correspond to agro-technical requirements, they increase the technological and constructive reliability of work and reduce the costs of manpower and resources