Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article considers the issue of studying the morphogenesis of generative buds of sweet cherry varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of the Krasnodar region, the influence of the temperature factor on the nature of the course of this process and the subsequent yield capacity of the studied plants. According to the literature data, in dry years, the laying of flower buds begins 2-3 weeks earlier than usual. At the same time, excessive drought delays or completely stops both the formation of buds and their differentiation. During the research period of 2021, the temperature that slows down the development of generative buds of stone fruit crops (more than 30 ºC) was observed throughout July and August, and in 2022 for the entire study period, reaching the category of a dangerous phenomenon in September. Periods of insufficient precipitation in 2021 were observed from the second decade of July to the first decade of August. In 2022, the growing season was drier than the previous one, which accelerated the differentiation of flower buds. The results of the analysis of the morphology of flower buds made it possible to identify varieties that are resistant to critical summer temperatures: Slavyanka, Romantika, Bigarro Oratovsky, Drogana Drogana zheltaya, Valery Chkalov, Kavkazskaya, Kosmicheskaya, Summit, Alaya, Volshebnitsa. The yield capacity of the studied sweet cherry varieties showed that stable fruiting was distinguished by: Kavkazskaya (average yield capacity was 17.5 kg/tree), Kavkazskaya uluchshennaya (20 kg/tree), Kosmicheskaya (22.5 kg/tree), Romantika (13.5 kg/tree), Drogana zheltaya (20.5 kg/ ree), Slavyanka (16.5 kg/tree), Summit (10 kg/tree). Varieties that give the highest yields in years with critically high temperatures can be recommended for cultivation in the conditions of southern horticulture, and they can serve as sources for breeding for heat resistance and productivity of cherry varieties.

Annotation

The data of study of rootstocks for large-fruited crops (plum, cherry plum, apricot) of breeding of SCFNCHVW and Stavropol breeding station are given. Their ability to root on heavy loamy soils with the use of the Fitaktiv Extra growth stimulator was studied. According to the results of monitoring the implementation of planting material, it has been established that now the combinations of plum grafted on rootstocks with a well developed root system providing strong fixation in the soil and allowing the mechanized harvesting are most in demand. In the Krasnodar Territory there are not enough soils suitable for fruit growing, therefore, the creation of rootstocks for stone fruit crops that can normally develop on wetland heavy loamy soils is very important breeding direction, that will significantly allow to increase the area of the gardens. The study carried out revealed the rootstocks that grow and develop poorly under the conditions of dense soils with high moistening and perish for several years. Therefore, it can be assumed that the plants isolated in the experiments on high rooting, good growth and development, as well as on a high score of the general state, can be evaluated as resistant to the stressors listed above. We also established that in the conditions of Goryacheclyuchevskoy district of the Krasnodar Region, the further research on the selection of optimal highly profitable scion-rootstock combinations of the stone fruit crops is necessary with the use of selected (according to the general state, the number of roots and the percentage of rooting) of the rootstocks 534 D and 935/6. The positive effect of the Fitaktiv Extra preparation on obtaining a quality planting rootstocks material for large stone fruit crops was noted.

Annotation

The main goal of this work is to assess the adaptability and biometric parameters of the scion-rootstock combinations of Sakura under the conditions of urban environment. The greening in the modern urban landscape involves the presence of beautifully blooming trees of different heights and crown volume. According to this aim, in our study we analyzed the effect of clonal rootstocks VSL-2 (breeding of Krymsk ESS branch of WIR), 3-76, 5-44, 5-42, 3-114, 7-42 (breeding of FSBSI NCFSCHVW) at the height of the trees of popular varieties (Prunus Shirofugen serrulata, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, P Burgundi Royal serrulata, P. serrulata Kanzan, Rexii (Kirhn). Sok) and promising forms of Sakura, including NCFSCHVW breeding under the arboretums condition of Sochi and Krasnodar. For the experiment the forms (scion, rootstock), selected for resistance to coccomicous (pathogen � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx)) in the collectional planting of NCFSCHVW were taken. The Vesenniy capris (AI1) form wasn�t defeat by coccomicous, even with the artificial infection, and shows the high resistance (100%). The forms, lesioned by moniliosis (causative agent � the fungus Monilia cinerea Bon.) were selected, there are Rexii (Kirhn) Sok, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, Symphoniya nezhnosty. As a result of the study carried out, the lesion of the forms studied by the main pathogens under the conditions of humid subtropics of Sochi was estimated, the most adaptive combinations were identified, their height is determined. The influence of rootstocks and scions the growth and development of combinations of Sakura was shown. The obtained new data of the scion-rootstock combinations characteristics are necessary to develop the methods of original spatial and plastic accents that improve the urban environment and natural and climatic conditions of the South Region.

Annotation

To increase the productivity and stability of fruiting of plants, the horticulture industry needs the adaptive varieties and rootstocks in the specific growing zones. Based on global and local changes in weather and climate conditions, the selection of genotypes resistant to the most often occurring stresses of various types is a permanent process. The paper shows that in recent years, the directions in breeding to create the rootstocks forms that can reproduce under the conditions of elevated temperatures in the spring-summer period and a significant lack of moisture are especially relevant. The most of interest are rootstocks, which easily rooted by hardwood cuttings in the first field of the nursery, because this is the least costly method does not required large capital investments. Such rootstocks had already identified in the nursery as heat-resistant and drought-resistant, significantly increase in the adaptive potential of scion-rootstock combinations with their participation. An equally important characteristics in the South of Russia is the resistance of rootstocks to the bacterial cancer (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The pathogen of root cancer is positively affected by a neutral or slightly alkaline soil environment, therefore this disease is often observed in the North Caucasus and its harmfulness is significant, the control disease measures are costly and difficult. As a result of research, we carried out the rootstocks of PK SK 1, PK SK 2 with high rooting of hardwood cuttings in the first field of the nursery and resistance to root cancer were selected. They were allocated to the elite and patented and introduced in the State Register of Selection Achievements. The use of these rootstocks in horticulture and nursery farming will allow us to use the resource-saving technologies and to obtain the high-quality planting material for stone fruit crops and to increase in the yield of fruit orchards.

Annotation

The quality of the produced planting material of fruit crops has a direct impact on the longevity, the beginning of fruiting and productivity of orchards. For the planting material production of a high quality category, the various agricultural ways are used in the practice of world and domestic nursery farming. The global use of chemicals in the plant growing leads to aggravation of ecology, and the physical and biological components of the soil. All this extremely negatively affects the immunity and productivity of plants. In this regard, at present, the domestic gardening and nursery farming urgently needs the techniques and methods that would combine the efficiency and resource saving when growing the seedlings and explants in vitro. To solve this problem, the use of modern resource-saving technologies is necessary. Today, more and more attention is paid to methods of obtaining the high-quality planting material using the microbiological preparations and bioagents based on strains of bacteria and fungi. The microorganisms used synthesize a number of substances, including indolylbutyric acid, which stimulate the growth and development of plants, and significantly effect the rhizogenesis and inhibit the development of soil phytopathogens. The paper presents a literature review of domestic and foreign studies on the increased global use of microbiological preparations, their positive effect the various substances in the system �plant-host - microbiological preparations - environmental conditions in various ecological and geographical areas�. Based on the results of the presented review, a table has been compiled of the most effective interaction between various plants and biological preparation according to domestic and foreign studies. According to the analyzed data, the greatest influence the plant growth and development was exerted by bacteria and fungi of the genera: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aureofacience, Glomus spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens.