Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Grape culture in the Krasnodar region has been widespread since ancient times. However, despite this, the issues of studying and replenishing the gene pool of grapes with wild-growing forms remain open and relevant. In this article, the authors show the results of a study of wild grapes growing on the territory of the �Safari Park� Nature Park and in the Tonkiy Cape area of the Krasnodar region. As a result of the expedition research, seven populations of wild grapes were found with some similarities and differences in morphological and biological characteristics. A brief description of the ecological-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of growing wild forms of grapes of the studied territory is given. The studied forms are dioecious plants, as there are samples with both male and female flower types. Material was selected for further study from the found forms of grapes. The variability of some signs was found, for example: the degree of openness of the tops of young shoots and their pubescence, the saturation of the color of the tops of young shoots and young leaves, the type and degree of pubescence of the formed leaves, the shape and degree of corrugation of the leaves, the type of flower, the depth of leaf clippings, etc. At the time of sampling for further study, the studied wild forms of grapes had no visually visible damage by the main pests and diseases.

Annotation

As a result of many years study of grape technical hybrid forms the several hybrids were selected in elite. On the basis of phenological observations and agrobiological, morphological and chemical analyses, , it is concluded that these forms are recommended for the preparation of in dry and dessert wine. It was found that the content of phenolic substances in the berries is much higher in the studied elite hybrid forms than that in the control varieties. There is the lowest content of nitrogenous substances, which indicates a low probability of the so-called �strangulation� of future wines in these forms. The studied elite wine hybrids have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.0-1.2, the fertility coefficient � 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush � 6.0 kg. The elite hybrid forms studied in 2019 had good aging growth rates (of up to 69 %). They are much superior t o the mechanical composition of the bunches of control varieties: of the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin with seeds. This suggests that these elite hybrid forms can be the title of varieties, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing. The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of viticulture and winemaking are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new high-quality and productive technical varieties adapted to local conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera, noted that the requirements for wine grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines for which they can be used.

Annotation

The results are shown of the study of hybrid forms of technical direction grapes in order to distinguish some of them into the elite. Phenological, agrobiological, uvological and biochemical indexes were studied of these hybrids, the recommendations were given for their use in the wine-making process. It was found that the amount of phenolic substances in the wort from grape hybrid forms significantly exceeds than that in the control variety. The low content of nitrogenous substances in the berry juice of these hybrids was also determined, which indicates a low probability of the so-called "suffocation" of the future wine. The studied technical hybrid forms have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.1-1.4, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.5-1.6, and the yield per bush was 7.5 kg on average. In the studied technical hybrid forms in 2020, a good growth rate of up to 75 % was observed, they are much superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches of the control variety. This is especially true for the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. The results studied allow to suggest that these elite hybrid forms in the near future can be transferred to the State variety testing. Since the requirements for technical grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines in the manufacture of which they can be used, the breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking carry out long-term work. It is aimed at breeding new high-quality adapted to local climatic conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera.

Annotation

On the territory of Krasnodar region, grapevines have been cultivated since ancient times. However, the study of the gene pool of local wild grapes remains an open question. This study is devoted to the research of wild growing grapevines found in the area of Tonkiy cape of Gelendzhik city. The ecological-geographical and climatic conditions of this territory can be considered as a favorable place for the growth of wild grapevines. Seven samples of vines were found, having some similarities and differences in ecological, biological and morphological indicators. Most of the studied samples are dioecious plants � there are samples with male and female flower types. No inflorescences were found on the one specimen. The material for DNA analysis was selected from the found grape samples. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from herbarized apical leaves. Genotyping of wild-growing forms was performed by microsatellite loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 which are used as a standard set for grape varieties DNA fingerprinting, as well as by loci UDV737 and CenGen6, which are linked to locus of resistance to downy mildew Rpv3 and powdery mildew Ren9, respectively. Target fragments, the size of which indicates the presence of resistance genes, were not detected by DNA markers UDV737 and CenGen6. The obtained DNA profiles on microsatellite loci showed genetic differences of the vines in the analyzed sample. On average, 5 types of alleles per locus were identified. Cluster analysis of DNA profiling data showed that one of the found vines differs from the rest most significantly, the remaining samples were distributed into two subclusters of two and four genotypes according to the results of the analysis.

Annotation

The time and duration of the passage of various phases of vegetation by a grape plant largely depends on the climatic conditions of the area and annually changing weather conditions. Therefore, in order to have data on the timing and duration of the phases, it is necessary to conduct phenological observations of grape bushes, marking the beginning and end of each phase due to weather conditions. Phenological studies of grape varieties of different maturation periods and different directions of use at the Anapa ampelographic collection are conducted annually. This work is very important, since all agrotechnical measures for growing grapes are closely related to the passage of individual phases of vegetation and dormancy. These studies are especially relevant in a constantly changing climate. As a result of the conducted research on the study of phenological indicators in 245 grape varieties at the ampelocollection, it was found that the atypical conditions of 2021 greatly affected the timing of the passage of phenophases, shortening the growing season of medium and late grape varieties by 10-20 days in comparison with previous years. Some grape varieties with very early, early, early-medium, medium and even with medium-late and late ripening dates in 2021 had almost the same duration of the growing season and later entered the flowering phase and the beginning of berry ripening compared to previous years. A number of technical varieties (Goruli Mtsvane, Mtsvane Kakhetinskiy, Rhenish Riesling, Mercuriy, etc.), compared with previous years, have not reached the necessary conditions of sugars in the must during the mass harvest also due to prolonged steady rains and cool weather. In addition, a number of varietieshad a high percentage of damage by various types of rot without reaching the necessary conditions. The ripening of the vine was delayed and it was not complete in many varieties.