Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The gene pool of grapes of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and Wine-making (AZESV&W) includes introduced varieties from various ecological and geographical places of growth, which are used annually in breeding work. Plant breeders of the Station are actively searching for new sources of economically valuable traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors on the ampelographic collection of genetic resources of grape culture. The proposed article contains the main results of scientific research on the identification of new sources of breeding-valuable traits among grape varieties of ampelocollection. The objects of research were grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin from the AZESV&W gene pool. Traditional and improved breeding programs and methods were used in the study. As a result of the research, some features of the reaction of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical groups and maturation periods to atypical conditions of the growing season of 2021 have been revealed. There are 4 sources of valuable traits among grape varieties, namely, one variety for phylloxerostability � Pierrel; two varieties for large-berry trait � the Daughter of Nimrang and Arkadiya; seedlessness � Pamyat� Dombkovskoy. The main purpose of this kind of research is the creation of new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing an increase in the hardiness of the agrocenosis and the stability of fruiting, the introduction of which into production can increase the profitability of growing grapes by increasing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the yield. These source varieties are annually examined for phenological and agrobiological characteristics. Varieties with high indicators of economically valuable traits are actively used in hybridization to obtain new high-quality grape varieties.

Annotation

The purpose of this research is to identify the dynamics of yield capacity and sugar accumulation of technical red grape varieties of AZES breeding. This article reflects some results of long-term research work. Due to the existing lack of technical varieties in the modern grape assortment, it is very important to pay attention to the creation, cultivation and study of new technical grape varieties. These varieties should be distinguished by high product quality and sugar accumulation level, along with adaptability to biotic and abiotic stressors of the environment. These varieties are necessary for obtaining an original wine products. The study of the dynamics of yield and sugar accumulation among the zoned new technical red grape varieties allows us to identify the promising varieties for the production orchards of the Anapa-Taman zone. Phenological and agrobiological accounting was carried out by us according to traditional generally accepted methods. When harvesting, the bunches were weighed on the bushes of all studied varieties. The harvest period was determined using the organoleptic method and trial analyses. The mass concentration of sugars in berry juice was determined by a field refractometer, and the acidity � in laboratory conditions by titration. As a result of the study of agrobiological and biochemical characteristics of red technical grape varieties with a medium-late maturation period, a number of features were revealed. The grape varieties of Dionysus and Pamyaty Zotkinoi are distinguished from the other studied varieties by high fruiting coefficients (1.3 for both) and fruitfulness (1.5 and 1.4 respectively). According to the average yield of berries from the bush the varieties of Pamyaty Zotkinoi (11 kg from the bush) and Gordy (K-II-17-1) (12 kg). The varieties of Dionysus, Mercuriy and Gordy (K-II-17-1) have the largest bunches. These varieties will be studied in the future on their economically valuable, breeding, agrobiological, phonological and technological characteristics in order to identify the dynamics of yield and sugar accumulation, as they are promising for the production viticulture.

Annotation

The data of study of Kuban grapevines wild forms are presented to select the sources with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress-factors. Wild forms of grapes can be both theoretical and practical value for breeding. The aim of the present work was to study the morpho-biological and genetic diversity of grape plants of the genus Vitis L., growing on the territory of the �Utrish� state nature reserved area on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The territory of the reserved area is interested for the study of wild forms of grapes as it was the place of ancient settlements. As a result of the expedition, wild grapes were found in the district �Vodopadnaya shchel� in the �Utrish� nature reserved area in the amount of 10 populations that are outwardly resistant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stress-factors. A morphological and biological Study of grape plants was carried out and a characteristic of their ecological conditions was given. An ampelographic description of the forms by 10 characteristics is presented. In order to study the genetic diversity of the found forms, a DNA-marker analysis of wild grape plants was carried out. The study was performed using microsatellite markers linked to the Rpv3 and Rpv10 genes, which determine resistance to downy mildew. The presence of functional alleles of these genes in the analyzed samples helps to reveal the origin of genotypes, which is one of the objectives of the study. The indicated genes were not found in the found grape forms. In general, according to the results of microsatellite analysis, it can be noted, that some of the samples are polymorphic to each other, while others have a high degree of similarity. The work on the study of wild forms of grapes in this area is carried out for the first time

Annotation

When analyzing the currently existing zoned assortment of grapes, you can see the main directions in the breeding of table grape varieties, namely, the creation of high-quality super early and early varieties with elegant bunches and large berries, which have a long period of storage and increased resistance to frost and drought, to vermins and diseases. The essence of the classical method of hybridization consists in directed, scientifically based selection of the original parent pairs for crossing. At the same time, in one hybrid organism, it is possible to combine individual desirable characteristics of the parent pairs or their complex. This study were the elite hybrid forms of table grapes. The study of hybrid forms for a complex of economically valuable breeding traits was carried out by field and laboratory methods at the hybrid plot of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station. As a result of the analysis of data on agrobiological research, it was found: the lowest fruiting coefficient in the hybrid form 59-13 � 1.0, and the highest one in the forms 59-6 and 62-59-1.8; the coefficient of fruitfulness of the studied hybrid forms ranges from 1.3 to 2.1, with the lowest value in the table form 59-43, and the highest value in the 59-6; the average yield from the bush is maximum in the forms of 59-32 and 62-59; the fruitfulness of one shoot is highest in the forms of 62-59, 59-6, 59-13. Results of the biochemical analysis of berry juice in the studied table hybrid forms of grapes show that the juice sugar concentration is approximately the same and ranges from 17.6-18.7 g/100 cm3 . The lowest acidity of berry juice in the forms of 62-59 and 59-43.

Annotation

As a result of theoretical analysis of the literature data, it was found that only the signs acquired by the grape plant as a whole or its individual shoots, fixed at the gene level and able to be transmitted during vegetative reproduction, are mutations, and this bush can be selected as a clone of variety. The effectiveness of clone breeding is always higher when using the plantations of long-cultivated varieties. This is due to the fact that the mutation process in such vineyards occurs with increased frequency and affects a large number of features. Currently, there are two methods of clones selection � the selection of clones according to the morphological correlations and the selection of highly productive clones. If the selection of clones on morphological correlations is the task of improving the variety mainly on the basis of the leading feature, the selection of highly productive clones is expected to improve the variety on a set of features. This makes it possible to select the clones characterized by high yield, resistance to adverse conditions, a short period of vegetation, increased sugar accumulation and other properties. At all stages of breeding, the results of clone evaluation are compared with each other and certainly with the data of parallel propagated control bushes (control of full-fledged bushes of average yield). It is desirable to carry out the required calculations, meas-urements, weighting, monitoring of maternal bushes. Only analyzing the totality of the collected information about variability of the characteristics of the selected bushes at all stages of breeding in comparison with the control and maternan bushes, it is possible to reasonably select the highly productive clones. The task of clone certification is much easier if we consider the changes in morphological characteristics against the background of the changed economic and biological signs.