Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of many years of scientific research on the selection of hybrid forms of grapes into the elite during breeding work at the Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and wine-making. These hybrids are studied at the hybrid site to identify a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits and properties that exceed standard varieties. The ultimate goal is to create new promising zoned varieties. The bush training system is a vertical trellis. The formation is standard, cordon type �Spiral cordon AZOS-1�. The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The relief of the site is flat-lying, the slope of the south-western exposure. Three elite forms of the technical direction of use are distinguished: K-73-1 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) � the form of the average ripening period; K-74-17 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) � the average ripening period; K-74-24 (Cabernet Franc x F/U Dzhemete) � the form of average ripening period. On the studied elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the following researches were carried out: phenological observations, agrobiological records, morphological and biochemical analyses. Among the elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the highest fruitfulness coefficient k1 is in K-74-24 � 1,4, and the lowest in K-73-1 � 1,1. The studied forms are slightly superior i n the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety, especially the ratios of stems and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. Based on morphological and chemical analyses, the studied technical elite hybrid forms of grapes are recommended for making wine in dry and dessert versions, since they have a high glucoacidometric index and the content of phenolic substances in the must.

Annotation

The authors of the article show the results of studies of several new places of growing wild forms of grapes in the Krasnodar region, namely on the territory of the state nature reserve �Utrish�, the nature reserve �Red Forest�, in the forests and floodplain of the Psebeps river of the Crimean district. In the Utrish Nature Reserve, grape populations were discovered and studied in the tracts: Waterfall Gap, Wide Gap and Lobanova Gap. During the expeditions, ecological and geographical characteristics of the habitats of wild forms of grapes were given, a complete description of the vegetation of the studied ecotopes was carried out, as well as morphological and biological qualitative and quantitative indicators (more than 40 units) of wild grapes, as well as their phytosanitary condition were studied in detail. When analyzing scientific literature data, it was found that there is insufficient scientific information on the ecological c onditions of growth and biological features of both the genus Vitis L. and the entire Vitaceae Juss family. This is especially true of Kuban wild plants, feral forms and autochthons of grapes. In this regard, there is an urgent need for this study. The study of wild grapes was carried out using route- reconnoitering, geobotanical, ampelographic, analytical methods. As a result, the variability of many morphological indicators of the vegetative and generative spheres of wild grape plants was found to varying degrees, both at the interpopulation and endogenous levels. Populations, as well as individual grape plants, differ in: the shape of the leaf blade, the openness of the tip of the young shoot, the degree of weblike cotton of the crown of the young shoot, the depth of the upper lateral clippings of the leaf, the degree of cotton of the underside of the leaf, etc. The following pathogens were detected on wild grape forms: Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill, Phomopsis viticola Sacc., Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc. Damage to the leaf apparatus was found from following pests: Colomerus vitis Pgst. (grape bud mite), Metcalfa pruinosa Say. (flatid planthopper), and polyphagous leaf-eating insects.

Annotation

The analysis of the epiphytic microflora of the leaves of wild grapes growing in the forest near the river and the mountain slope of the Crimean district was carried out. The research was carried out in 2020-2021. The number and structure of complexes of micromycetes associated with grape leaves were determined by swab test method of diluted suspension on a dense nutrient medium (PSA). The structure of the complex of micromycetes associated with leaves in grape plants growing in the floodplain of the river in the spring period was characterized by an abundance of yeast (61,3%), and in plants growing in the forest, mycelial, yeast and yeast-like fungi were approximately in equal proportions. By the beginning of autumn, mycelial fungi dominated in the structure of micromycetes of both ecotopes. The total number of microscopic fungi on the leaf surface of wild grapes changed under the influence of environmental conditions. The leaf apparatus of grape plants from the forest had a smaller number of micromycetes (on average for 2 years ranged from 1315.2...5094.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter), compared with plants growing in the floodplain of the river (on average for 2 years ranged from 5116.1 to 9279.7 thous. CFU /1gr dry matter). Thus, the total number of microflorae of grape leaves is affected by the humidity regime of the air and soil. Species of the genus Cladosporium sp. � 44.4 % (May), Phomopsis sp. � 65.8-78.2 % (July-September) were distinguished as dominant on the leaves of wild grapes of the forest area during the growing season. In the sample growing in the floodplain of the river, the dominant ones were: Phomopsis sp. (54.8 % in May; 82.4 % in September) and Cladosporium sp. (53.6 % in June; 35.3 % in July).

Annotation

This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large�berry � 2 varieties � Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless � 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.