Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed � the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters � low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.

Annotation

The paper present the experimental data of field studies in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory to optimize the load of grape bushes with shoots and bunches of the Livya variety on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock on drip irrigation. The scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature on the zone condition is 12.5-13.0 º�, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900- 4100 º�, the maximum temperature during the plants growing season is plus 40 º�, the minimum temperature in winter drops to minus 30 º�. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agroecological conditions, the grape variety Livya on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock showed high responsiveness to optimizing the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. When the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pieces / bush and bunches are in the amount of 24 pieces / bush, the average weight of a grape bunch reaches the highest value and is 0.767 kg. The highest yield of 31 t / ha with the highest share of marketable yield of 97 % is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs / bush, respectively. With such regulations for the load of bushes, the average mass of a grape bunch is 15 % less and is 0.669 kg. The optimized regulation of the load of bushes with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs. / bush, respectively, can be recommended in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for growing high yields and good quality of Livya grapes.

Annotation

Based on experimental studies, the production variability of table grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya was established when manipulating the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the planting scheme of the bushes is 3.5 × 3.5 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature at the study area is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya has a high production responsiveness to manipulations with the vegetative and generative organs of plants under such agroecological conditions. There is a change in the bunch weight and the grape yield, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest bunch weight (0.551 kg) is formed at the lowest load of bushes with shoots of 18 pcs/bush and bunches of 27 pcs/bush in the Central agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region. The correlation dependence of the average bunch weight of grapes on the number of shoots was very weak, r = 0.1, on the number of bunches � inverse and weak, r = -0.26. The highest yield capacity was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (30 pcs/bush) and bunches (54 pcs/bush) and amounted to 19.40 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the number of shoots on the bushes was weak, r = 0.2, on the number of bunches � medium, r = 0.5, on the bunch weight � strong, r = 0.7.

Annotation

The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.

Annotation

The limits of the modification variability of the phenotypic trait � the grape yield of the introduced varieties Occidentalis negr. Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay have been established. The studies were carried out according to observations for the period from 1997 to 2011 in the changeable weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture sub-zone (BS1) of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems. In the studied area, the average annual air temperature for the 15-year observation period was +12.3 ºC, during budbreak (April) � +10.9 ºC, vegetation (April � September) � +19.5 ºC, active growth of grape berries (II June � III August) � +23.9 ºC, ripening berries (III August � II September) � +20.7 ºC. For individual years, the temperature varied in the range of +11.0�13.7 º�, during budbreak +8.3�13.4 º�, during the growing season +18.4�21.0 º�, active berry growth +22.5�25.8 º�, grape ripening +19.6�22.0 º�. The studied grape varieties annually experienced stress from the maximum air temperature during the period of active growth of grapes (+34�38 ºC) and four times from the minimum during forced rest (-20�-24 ºC). Variations in weather conditions caused variability of modification phenotypic traits in grape plants. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of grape yield capacity was most influenced by the temperature of the air in April, in general during the growing season � in April-August, the minimum for June-November of the previous year. The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon correlates with the temperature in April to a moderate degree (r = -0.43, -0.44), Chardonnay to an average degree (r = -0.54), Cabernet Sauvignon in April-August to an average degree (r = -0.54), Pinot Blanc to a moderate degree (r = -0.30). The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay varieties have an average dependence on the minimum temperature in June-November of the previous year (r = 0.51). The reaction rate of the phenotypic trait � yield capacity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety is 137 c/ha, Pinot Blanc � 87 c/ha, Chardonnay � 86 c/ha.