Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

When analyzing the state of the viticulture industry in Russia, there is a lack of seedless grape varieties in the assortment that have valuable biological and economic characteristics and a short growing season, resistance to frost and phylloxera. Due to the advantage of seedless grapes both for fresh consumption and for the production of dried products, processing them into jams and other products, the demand for kishmish varieties is growing and seedless varieties are regularly selected. The degree of various varieties seedlessness can be different: from the almost full absence of rudiments in the berry to a sufficiently noted size of rudiments. At the same time, the degree of development of seed rudiments in the same variety may vary in dependence on the conditions of the growth place and the year conditions. We analyzed the harvest of 33 seedless grape varieties in the Ampelographic collection (Anapa) according to the evaluation of their seedless under the agro-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture under the climatic conditions, 2019. The lack of recoverable rudiments of seeds was identified in the berries of cultivars the Kishmish Bely Ovalny, Detskiy, Kishmish Tarakli, Kishmish Rosovy, Kishmish Sogdiana, Kishmish Krugly, Remali Seedless. The maximum berry`s weight among this group was found in the variety of Kishmish Sogdiana. The largest rudiments were found in the berries of the Rusbal variety. Among all analyzed grape varieties, the rudiment of the berry`s mass of which has been measured, it is possible to select the Kishmish Luchisty: this variety has the highest average weight of berries (5.05 g) and the rudiments share of the berry`s mass is 1 %.

Annotation

With the increase and shift of the physiologically significant air temperature in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the south of Russia in the period from 1975 to 2018, there were significant changes in the phenological cycles of the Occidentalis C. Negr. The duration of the growing season from budbreak to physiological maturity of grapes decreased for Riesling Italian by 18, Sauvignon Blanc by 21, Cabernet Sauvignon by 14 days. For the Riesling Italian variety, the duration of the period from budbreak to flowering decreased by 6 days, from flowering to veraison by 6 days, from veraison to physiological maturity by 5 days, for the Sauvignon Blanc variety, respectively, by 4, 2 and 15 days, for Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5, 1 and 7 days. The beginning of budbreak shifted to a later date � for Riesling Italian for 1 day, Cabernet Sauvignon for 2 days, for Sauvignon Blanc it remained unchanged. The beginning of all other phases of vegetation shifted to earlier dates. The beginning of flowering shifted for Riesling Italian by 3 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 5 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 3 days. The beginning of veraison shifted for Riesling Italian by 7 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 6 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5 days. The beginning of physiological maturity shifted for Riesling Italian by 12 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 21 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 12 days. The duration of all phases of the growing season has a close positive correlation with the sum of active air temperatures (r = 0.70�0.91). The duration of the period from budbreak to flowering is in a close negative correlation with the average temperature (r = -0.71�-0.80), in a close and average negative � with the minimum temperature (r = -0,88�-0.55). Veraison has a close negative correlation with the average and minimum air temperature (r = -0.74�-0.71).

Annotation

The article considers the issue of loading bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches in the world practice. The analysis is presented on the timing and length of pruning shoots, the load of bush by shoots, the load of bushes by bunches and methods for regulating the compactness of bunches of seedless grape varieties. The timing of pruning regulates the growth strength of shoots and the maturation time of early seedless grape varieties. Experiments on the timing of pruning often combined with subsequent treatment with growth regulators to increase yields. The length of the pruning of shoots affects the condition and death of the buds, the timing of the passage of phenological phases, productivity and quality of seedless varieties. Variety specificity and pruning dependence are noted: some varieties prefer short pruning (Perlett in India, White Seedless and Red Seedless in Iran), some � long (Beauty Seedless in India, Kishmish Batir in Uzbekistan, etc.). With an increase in the number of shoots per bush, yield capacity increase, however, the quality of grapes decreases, which also happens when the load of bunches increases. For the Jumba Seedless variety, despite the high performance with a low load of bushes with bunches, a higher one is recommended for an optimal ratio of productivity and quality. Thinning of bunches is also a common technique for regulating yield and quality, however, it is necessary to take into account the timing of thinning � too early removal of part of the inflorescences can lead to the formation of an excessively loose bunch, as in the BRS Vitoria variety in Brazil. Studies of the load of bushes of seedless grape varieties with shoots and bunches are relevant, especially in view of modern climate changes and increasing demand for high-quality products. Such studies are few in number in Russia, which requires closer study for the development of table seedless viticulture.

Annotation

The selection of highly effective rootstocks for new grape varieties is relevant in modern viticulture. The influence of different rootstocks Chasselas × Berlandieri 41B and Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 on the agrobiological indicators of the Livia grape variety in the Central agroecological viticulture zone (fourth subzone) of the Krasnodar region is shown. The planting scheme of bushes on irrigated vineyards in the field experiment is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 º�, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 º�. The annual total precipitation is 700-800 mm. Grapes of the Livia variety on the 41B rootstock significantly outperform the analogue on the SO4 rootstock. Plantations on rootstock 41B are distinguished by a larger mass of bunches, elegance, large size and organoleptic properties of berries, and grape yield capacity. Ripening on rootstock 41B started much earlier than on rootstock SO4. In the agro-ecological conditions of 2020, the difference was 13-17 days, in 2021 � 4-7 days. Mass ripening in 2020 was earlier by 7-20 days, in 2021 by 6-7 days. The average weight of a bunch on the 41B rootstock was 30% more than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 0.674 kg. In terms of grape yield from a bush, plantings on rootstock 41B exceeded the analogue by 1.5 times. The yield capacity of grapes on rootstock 41B was higher than on SO4 by an average of 1.5 times and amounted to 24.62 t/ha. The share of marketable grapes was 93% on rootstock 41B, on rootstock SO4 � 90%. The tasting score of grapes grown on rootstock 41B was on average 8.8 points, on SO4 � 8.1 points. The positive effect of rootstock 41B on the biological and economically valuable characteristics of grapes is the basis for the wide practical use of this rootstock for the Livia grape variety in the Central agro-ecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

The article considers the issue of the influence of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin in the Krasnodar region to create a mathematical model of minimum yield capacity. Paired correlation and multiple regression were used to assess the impact of abnormal agrometeorological conditions on the yield capacity. The yield capacity of grapes of early table varieties of interspecific origin was taken from different agroecological zones of the Krasnodar region for 1997-2020. Extreme agrometeorological indicators are calculated according to generally accepted methods. Using pair correlation, the most important extreme agrometeorological parameters were selected: the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year (r = 0.41), the total precipitation in May-July (r = 0.50) and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July (r = 0.52). The prognostic model of the minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin included the minimum air temperature of June-November of the previous year and the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient for May-July. The model was tested according to the observed yield capacity indicators obtained in the Central Agroecological Zone on two varieties of early ripening of interspecific origin � Gurman Kraynova and Viktor. The predicted average minimum yield capacity of early table grape varieties of interspecific origin for agroecological zones and subzones of the Krasnodar region was determined using the developed yield capacity model. Agroecological subzones with high average minimum predicted yield capacity depending on abnormal weather conditions were identified � in the Black Sea zone, subzones BS1, BS2 and BS5 with yield capacity equal to or higher than 10 t/ha, in the Northern zone of subzones N1 and N3 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Western zone of subzone W1 with yield capacity above 9 t/ha, in the Central zone of the C1, C2 and C3 subzones with yield capacity above 8 t/ha. The lowest predicted productivity is shown by varieties in the subzones of the Central Agroecological Zone remote from the sea and in the Foothill zone. This technique for assessing the risks of cultivation is recommended to be used for any varieties of technical and table directions of use.