Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.

Annotation

Grape plants are damaged by numerous vermins, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from adverse soil and weather conditions. The annual loss of the grape harvest is about 30 %, and in case of untimely or poor-quality protective measures, the loss reach more than 50 %. Grape diseases are divided into infectious and noninfectious. Of infectious diseases, the most harmful are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot. The main way to combat the infectious plant diseases is traditionally use of chemicals. The use of fungicides, insecticides and similar artificial preparations is a deterioration of the environmental situation, a violation of the natural balance, and an increase in content of harmful substances in the production of grape seedlings. The experiments are carried out and as a result of which we can conclude that the use of some temperature regimes and saturation of vaccinations with macro- and microfertilizers can be successfully used to combat conidia of gray rot. These results of studies prove the effectiveness of the combined use of Albit in a concentration of 0,2 % at a temperature of 45-50 ºC for 10 minutes. This exposure allows you to free the grape plants from gray rot. The yield of affected seedlings is 0,2 %, while in the control when treated with quinosol, the number of seedlings with visible gray rot lesions was 28 %. To find a way to get rid of the gray rot of grape grafts during stratification under the conditions of stressful high temperatures, while saturating them with macro- and microelements is an actual task of this area of research.

Annotation

In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t � 45-50 º�. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.

Annotation

Viticulture is promising in the areas of the North Caucasus Region, however, the assortment of zones does not always meet to modern requirements: environmental friendliness, low energy intensity of production combined with high quality of crop. Currently, the variety in viticulture has become one of the main means in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the productivity of plantations. In this regard, the selection of grapes for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, along with high productivity and quality are especially relevant. Increasing in seed germination is a direction in breeding that requires special attention. The breeding process takes a long time, which is unacceptable in conditions of intensification of agricultural production. Due to the peculiarities of grape ontogenesis and low seed germination, the transfer of seedlings for competitive variety testing is possible no earlier than 8-10 years after sowing seeds. In our work, a simple and effective way to increase in the yield of seedlings by pre-stratification soaking is defined. In the experiment, the various concentrations of gibberellic acid were used. The minimum concentration of gibberellic acid of 0,01 % ensured an almost 100 % yield of seedlings. An increase in acid concentration up to 0,04 % stimulated the seedlings yield in comparison with the control variant, however, an excessive increase in concentration has an inhibitory effect. The composition of the substrate for sowing hybrid grape seeds in flowerpots was developed and tested, which provides high growth and development of plants in the 1 and 2 years of life. In general, the soaking of seeds and the correct selection of the substrate composition described in this work can reduce the breeding process by 3-4 years and allow us to transfer the seedlings earlier to the State variety testing.

Annotation

Growth processes reflect the dynamics of the leaf surface growth of the grape plant. They depend on the temperature and water conditions, as well as the variety specifics. The processes of growth of shoots and leaf plates of Riesling Rhenish grapes under the influence of different plantation scheme and the load of bushes with shoots are studied. It was found that the growth rate of grape shoots with an increase in the load from 40,000 to 70,000 shoots per hectare decreases and does not significantly differ with different scheme of plantation. The length of shoots is maximum for any plantation scheme with a load of 40,000 shoots per hectare and decreases when it increases. In 2019, there was a tendency to increase in the leaf surface area per hectare with increasing the load. With a landing scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 m and a load of 70,000 shoots/ha the leaf surface area per hectare was 1.2 times higher than that with a load of 40,000 shoots/ha, with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.5 m � by 2.2 times, and with a landing scheme of 3.0 x 1.0 � by 1.6 times. The productivity indicators of the leaf surface are calculated: the amount of crop per 1 m2 of leaf area; the area of leaves per 1 kg of crop and per 1 bunch. The trends of their changes depending on the load of bushes with shoots and the scheme of bushes planting are established. The studies have shown that under the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and increased biological stability of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were observed in plantations with a planting scheme of 3.0 x 2.0 and 3.0 x 1.5 m with a bushes load of 40 and 50 thousand shoots per hectare