Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Kostyuk Marina
Articles in journal: (total 21)
The meristems cultivation by a method of clonal microreproduction is the main way of production a qualitative virus-free landing material of fruits, berries and grapes cultures. High specificity of raspberry and gooseberry plantlets reaction on composition of nutrient medium during cultivation demands the individual selection of mediums components for the most successful reproduction in vitro of revitalized plants. This work is carried out in the Center of reproduction of fruit, berry crops and grapes of NRRIH&V. Object of research and improvement was the using now technique of production of the revitalized landing material of raspberry and a gooseberry varieties. The results of research on cultivation of raspberry and gooseberry meristems in vitro are presented in the article; the efficiency of various nutrient mediums is studied: Anderson, Lee De Fossard and 4 modifications of Murashige and Skoog (with various concentrations of biologically active substances and glycine). As a result of the research it is established that the most effective introduction in vitro culture of experimental varieties of raspberry and gooseberry (92% of meristems get accustomed) occurs on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (1962) containing macro- and microelements by recipe, vitamins C 1,0 mg/l, B1 1,0 mg/l, B6 0,5 mg/l, nicotinic acid 0,5 mg/l, inositol 100 mg/l, sucrose of 20 g/l, agar-agar 8 g/l with the doubled content of iron chelate and without glycine amino acid.
The state, productivity and durability of gardens depend on quality of the produced saplings. The main indicator of saplings quality is their virus-free status. Besides, for the creation of modern intensive plantings the trees which are correctly created and early entering into fructification are required. Improvement of quality of landing material can be reached by means of development of special technologies and methods. The purpose of this work is the analysis of foreign and domestic achievements in the field of production of the revitalized landing material and definition of the main tendencies in the development of branch of a nursery industry. As the analysis of scientific publications has shown, the greatest number of practices is noted in two directions of development of a modern nursery industry of fruit and berry crops: the improvement of plants by the way in vitro and mikroclonal reproduction and the improvement of production technologies of landing material. The following directions of research have been selected: the development of optimal structure of nutrient mediums for micro reproduction of fruit and berry crops; the selection of disinfectants for sanitation of explants when introduction to culture and further reproduction; the optimization of physical factors of cultivation (lighting, temperature, humidity, etc.); the selection of optimal conditions for adaptation of microplants to in vivo conditions. It is concluded that the experience of the leading fruit-growing countries of the world (USA, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Poland, etc.) on use of the revitalized landing material has allowed these countries to ensure the high production efficiency of fruits and berries. Therefore now in Russia special relevance is acquired by the question of transfer of fruit growing branch on the use of the revitalized landing material is particularly urgent.
In the monitoring of plum pox virus a method of cartograms developed in NRRIH&V showed the high information content. The method gives the opportunity to display graphically the characteristics of transfer of a plum pox virus in a studied area by comparison of data for a certain period. The work purpose is to reveal the features of spreading of a plum pox virus in the experimental planting by means of a cartogram's method. Since 2007 we carried out an annual monitoring of experimental plum planting for description of dynamics of spreading of a plum pox virus. Diagnostics of varieties samples for definition of diseases etiology is carried out. The efficiency of determination of main parameters of virus spreading (speed and degree of spreading, localization) is studied. By this method on the card of fruit planting the trees with disease symptoms are graphically displayed. It is established that during 2007-2013 the plum pox virus spreading increased by 5 times at Kabardinskaya rannya and in 2013 it means 44,5% (initial level is 8,3 %). On the Stenley plum the increase is noted by 3 times 24,2 % (initial level is 7,3 %). Average speed of a virus spreading is determined by a cartograms method (on the Kabardinskaya rannya is 6,4 % in a year, on Stenley variety is 3,5 %). On the basis of the analysis of the obtained data we made the conclusion about determination of varieties and topological distinctions of dynamics of a virus spreading. It is indicated that a source of an virus infection is the infected landing material. The results of research confirm the connection of spreading level of a plum pox virus with number of sucking wreckers during the previous vegetative period.
The results of studying of analisis of technology of previous generations, a current state, the limiting factors and development prospects of orchard nursery are presented. The conclusion that overcoming of technological backlog, modern selection of grades and stocks, creation of virus-free orchard nurseries, will allow to produsce the certificated landing material of the highest category qualities, and, in turn, is drawn will provide a gain of productivity and essential increase of profitability and competitiveness of domestic fruit growing
Methods of diagnostics of activators of virus and similar to virus diseases, the PCR analysis, ELISA, biotesting with wood indicators, a method of cartograms and biological actualized diagnostics are described