Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Alferov Victor
Articles in journal: (total 13)
In the struggle for a saler's market of fruitage production the producer with high fruits quality and their low prime cost is winning. For economy of production costs of fruit's the low-cost elements of technology are introduced. The Stavropol Experimental Station of gardening tested the technology of a garden using the saplings on the rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm. Increase in deep of saplings during when landing on 20 cm more than previous recommendations allows you to increase trees fixation in the soil and to get rid of an expensive support. The introduction of the offered technology significantly depends on quality of saplings with grafting at the height of 40 cm, profitability of their production and selection of low growing rootstock which is optimal conforming to requirements of the technological process. For selection of low growing rootstock corresponding to the production technology of saplings with a high grafting the dwarf and semi-dwarfish apple-tree rootstocks: of M9, CK4, T337, M9EMLA, MM102 and CK2. The carried out research showed that the T337 dwarf rootstock and MM102 semi-dwarfish rootstock are the most technological for cultivation of saplings with a high grafting. They have the straight well rooting layers, in the first field of nursery the central trunk doesn't deviate from vertical position. To the time of carrying out of grafting the height of plants reaches 95-106 cm. The central trunk has a thickness of 8-10 mm at the height of 40 cm and it allows you to execute a high grafting qualitatively. The receiving of standard saplings on these rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm reach 98 % of quantity of all layers landed in the first field.
Using the traditional method of cultivation of an apple-tree seedling the chip budding is carried out in the first field of nursery on two-year part of a rootstock. Based on the long term research the conclusion is made that the apple varieties with the increasing of altitude of chip budding reduce the crown volume and the yield of the tree, but they increase the intensity of fruiting per unit of crown volume. But nurseries, due to lack of rational technology, mainly continue to produce the seedlings with chip budding at a height of 15-20 cm. A new method for the preparation of rootstocks in the first field of nursery for high budding, in which all shoots on rootstock in early spring are removal except one vertical shoot. This way stimulates the growth of the left shoot and at the time of chip budding that shoot reaches a height of 120-130 cm. At the height of 55-60 cm the thickness of shoot reaches 8-10 mm and that is sufficient to the chip budding. According to the yield and quality of seedlings the proposed method is similar to the conventional method of chip budding, but also it has advantages. The cutting of plant on the bud requires the less efforts, it is noted the less breaking of shoots from strong winds. The shoots with cuttings over 75 cm in height in the first field was not enough productive because of their inferior survival, the rise of assimilating surface is delayed due to violation of the correlation between the above-ground part of plant and root system, and it significantly reduced their development. The quantity of standard seedlings at a chip budding in the shoot of current year at the height of 55-60 cm t on 36-58% was higher than at the chip budding in two years wood.
Planting of vegetative rootstocks of apple in the dry bulk of the ridge, compared with planting in the furrows, improves soil aeration in zone of root formation that sti-mulates their growth and development, which in turn helps to get of more qualitative seedlings.
In recent years it is preferred a laying of fruit orchards to carry out by saplings that have a crown, which at least accelerate for a year of formation of tree's crowns and getting of the first commercial crop of fruits. The fast fructification and productivity of fruit plantings depend on quality of landing material. The requirements to quality of landing material increase all the time. The new way of cultivation of two-year saplings had a crown on KNIP-BAUM system is offered. The saplings which are grown up on this system are already capable to lay the floral buds in the nursery, and in a year of landing to give 3-5 kg of fruits from a tree. The technology of their cutting is very simple. The main lack of KNIP-BAUM system is cultivation of saplings within three years, that in comparison with receiving of one year saplings using two-year cycle of cultivation, considerably increases the expenses. In this article it is shown, that improving of existing technology of cultivation of a fruit plant using an inoculation in one-year shoot of a rootstock at the height of 55-60 cm, and also due to use of part of a rootstock for formation of future trunk of a sapling, it is possible to increase in intensity of growth and development of a sapling. So, the height of annual apple-tree sapling at a high inoculation increased on 16-26 cm in our experiments, the total growth of shoots increased by 1,5-1,7 times, the laying of branches in a plant crown increased in 2,5-2,7 times. Parameters of an annual sapling became to correspond to a two-year sapling with one-year crown. However the period of cultivation of such saplings was reduced by one year that is an undoubted advantage of this technology.
Technological trends and tendencies of development of modern intensive horticulture such as poor growth rootstocks, compacted placement of fruit trees and high-quality planting material are analyzed in the article on the basis of literature sources