Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The modern trends of environmental paradigm of design culture of small garden landscape are considered in the article.
The effect of compaction of profile of brown forest soil on the orchards condition and the yield of apple varieties Idared, Renet Simirenko and Florina on the MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of foothills of the Krasnodar Territory is established. The existence of compacted layers in the profile of brown forest soil at a depth of 60-160 cm inhibits the growth of apple roots and their moving in the underlying soil layers. Reduction of plant nutritions area leads to decreasing of the growth processes and apple-trees productivity. It is established that the size of the annual growth shoots of trees with signs of oppression, depending on the variety, was 10-30% less, than on a control variant. The crop of fruits of oppressed trees was 50-70% less, than a crop of trees under a satisfactory conditions. The actual shortage of a crop of oppressed apple-trees over 3 years of research formed from 13,4 t/hectare (Renet Simirenko variety) to 24,3 t/hectare (Florina variety).
The literary review of data on lateral walnut fructification is adduced in the article. The prospects of this trait for use in a breeding programs are shown and the method of an assessment of trait manifestation on the phenotypic level is shown. It is noted that the lateral type of fructification is a leading walnut trait for an assessment of components defining productivity. Using data on quantity of female flowers in the lateral position and percent of the fruits received from them, it is possible to calculate an index of a tree productivity. This index correlates with long-term data on productivity and can be used at an initial assessment of perspective walnut forms. This method is suitable for the search of walnut valuable forms during expeditions. The received values can be interpreted as follows: productivity index of less than 200 low, 201-400 average, 401-500 high, more than 501 very high productivity index. The positive correlation between lateral walnut fructification and low resistance to winter frosts and bacteriosis defeat is established, however intraspecific hybridization allows to neutralize these negative qualities under the conditions of the South of Russia. There is the conclusion that the use of forms with lateral fructification is the extremely perspective direction in the walnut breeding on productivity.
The article provides an information about types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding used in the modern viticulture industry. The area of their use are described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their lacks are noted. A complete description of grapes rootstocks of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Winegrowing and Winemaking breeding (AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6) with highly resistant to leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and number of other diseases of vine, as well as a short vegetation period, low stepson ability and high yield of standard half-meter cuttings per hectare is given. For the study of grapes rootstock varieties the modern research methods are used. Recommendations on zoning of varieties and rootstocks of Anapa Experimental Stations breeding and area of their optimal use are given. It is shown that the correct selections of rootstock can increase the vineyards productivity and improve the quality of grapes berries.
Work purpose is walnuts study in the different periods of maturing and the use of its fruits for improvement of food quality. The research of walnut in a dairy maturity, rowing in the Kuban is conducted, taking into account the varieties features. Biochemical analisis of fruit raw materials were conducted in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries of NCRRIH&V by the standard methods. In the walnut fruits it is noted the high content of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron, and also microelements which are a part of various enzymes that influence on exchange processes in an mans organism. The most valuable microelement of walnut is the iodine, which quantity varies taking into account varieties features of fruits. On the basis of the conducted research the ready-made product of a special purpose "Fruits shredded Storeroom of vitamins" with use of walnut of dairy degree of maturity which fruits are a high source of biologically active agents, mineral macro- and microeltmtnts is developed. The total maintenance of natural antioxidants in 100 g of a ready-made product is 282,4 mg / 100 g due to introduction of a shredded walnut. It fills daily need of a man organism for vitamin C, polyphenolic substancts, pectin, mineral substances (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium), and also for 50% vitamin P and iodine. Use of walnut fruits of dairy degree of a maturity will allow to increase the quality of ready-made products and to give them the functional importance.