Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Vitis Vinifera varieties are characterized by high productivity and organoleptic properties, which is appropriate for use in scientific researches and modeling. Mathematical modeling of variety productivity helps to predict the yield of existing vineyards and to select terroir for prospective plantations. The approbation of a descriptive index-based classification incorporated into integral indicator of grape productivity (IIGP) is presented in this paper. Factor included are climatic and soil-morphological and the area of study is the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture for table intraspecific hybrids and varieties by NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding. The studies were carried out on 13 varieties of the Anapa ampelographic collection, using the meteorological information on Anapa (2007-2018). In the mode following agroecological Parameters were used: the sum of active temperatures during the vegetation period, the absolute minimum temperature of the year and the number of days with minimum temperature below -1�C in the period from April to October, the total precipitation, the exposition and the slope angle, position on the slope and soil type. The results of model testing were acceptable for 10 varieties, the model worked best for following varieties: Astanikskiy, Bely Ranniy, Kavkazskiy Ranniy, Larni Muskatny and Hrustyashchiy. Non-acceptable results are received for three varieties (Licodia, Muscat AZOS and Chernomor Anapa), and it means that model for them requires improvements. In case of evaluating the results of the model by frost grape resistance, the best result was observed for varieties with increased resistance to frost. The model is recommended to use for the selection of terroirs in the Black sea agroecological zone of viticulture and the effective use of varieties in the ampelocenoses.

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The data of study of Kuban grapevines wild forms are presented to select the sources with resistance to various biotic and abiotic stress-factors. Wild forms of grapes can be both theoretical and practical value for breeding. The aim of the present work was to study the morpho-biological and genetic diversity of grape plants of the genus Vitis L., growing on the territory of the �Utrish� state nature reserved area on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The territory of the reserved area is interested for the study of wild forms of grapes as it was the place of ancient settlements. As a result of the expedition, wild grapes were found in the district �Vodopadnaya shchel� in the �Utrish� nature reserved area in the amount of 10 populations that are outwardly resistant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental stress-factors. A morphological and biological Study of grape plants was carried out and a characteristic of their ecological conditions was given. An ampelographic description of the forms by 10 characteristics is presented. In order to study the genetic diversity of the found forms, a DNA-marker analysis of wild grape plants was carried out. The study was performed using microsatellite markers linked to the Rpv3 and Rpv10 genes, which determine resistance to downy mildew. The presence of functional alleles of these genes in the analyzed samples helps to reveal the origin of genotypes, which is one of the objectives of the study. The indicated genes were not found in the found grape forms. In general, according to the results of microsatellite analysis, it can be noted, that some of the samples are polymorphic to each other, while others have a high degree of similarity. The work on the study of wild forms of grapes in this area is carried out for the first time

Annotation

The data on the mechanical properties of feijoa fruits under conditions of Southern Daghestan are presented for the first time. The studies, the data of which are given in this work, were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the requirements of GOST 342172017 �Fresh feijoa. Technical conditions�. The result of the study is the determination of the size and weight of the fruits of the four studied varieties of feijoa (Coolidge, Superba, Choiseana (Republic of Azerbaijan) and Choiseana (Republic of Daghestan)), obtained from different areas of growing. It has been shown that the Superba variety has the largest fruits, the average mass of which is 39.7 %, and they be attributed to large fruits. The size of transverse diameter of this fruit is 54.0 mm, the length is 61.1 mm, the ratio H: D = 1.13 conventional units. Varieties of Kulidzh and Choiseana from the Leninokan Region can be classified as medium-weight ones by average mass and H: D ratio (average mass is 28.8 and 23.5 g, respectively). As for the Choisean variety introduced in the village of Tagirkent (Republic of Dagestan), the size of its fruits is much lower � 12.8 g, which is almost 2 times less than the fruits of the same variety grown n the Republic of Azerbaijan. Accordingly, the size of the transverse diameter of this variety is smaller � 23.5 mm, the length of the fruit is 35.7 mm. However, preliminary testing assessment has showed that the small feijoa fruits from Tagirkent are much sweeter than the fruits of other testing objects.

Annotation

In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t � 45-50 º�. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.

Annotation

Information technology long time ago an integral part of our daily lives. Software when used correctly allows you to save time (our main resource) and, as a result, money; make fewer mistakes; perform fundamentally new operations that are difficult to do without a computer. Software for agriculture also has the same importance. Computer programs for crop production allow you to structure information, perform its operational processing, generate reports and tasks, provide information support for management decisions and make management of agricultural production more convenient and effective. In the field of agriculture, there is a fairly wide range of programs that compete with each other without achieving absolute leadership. Each of them has some advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the creation of such programs is caused by the practical need to automate the calculation process in the development of design and estimate documentation for laying the long-term plantations, as well as increasing labor productivity by reducing time costs. The developed software uses a step-by-step data entry algorithm to minimize errors in the calculation of project documentation. The output data is a file in Microsoft Excel format with ready tables for printing the document. Similar software products in various industries are often not a complete solution and have a large number of disadvantages. Our software product is developed using the object-oriented programming languages and also using the databases to get the source code closed to the user and avoid third-party interference.

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Osmia is an effective pollinator of fruit crops. Study of its development biology is very relevant from the point of view of its mass reproduction that in modern conditions may help to increase considerably in the yield of fruit crops taking into consideration decrease in number of honey bees. Imago spend winter in cocoons. In natural habitat the flight out of Osmia is registered in spring at the weather conditions 8-10 ºC. After coupling male bees die and a female bee starts to find the place for nesting. Females occupy the ready nest channels. The building of cells in nest channels begins with the forming of initial plug, consisting of soil pieces. Having finished the building of initial plug the bee begins to store foods in the cells - pollen and nectar. It takes a day to build a cell under favorable conditions. The process continues until the nest channels are filled. In the end of building the nest the channel is closed by a plug. By means of observation and pollen analysis it was registered that Osmia Rufa has visited flowers of 13 species of plants of 7 kinds. The pollen of two plants species was found in 55,3 % of the cells. The pollen of three plants � in 13,3 %. The pollen of four plants � in 22,6 %, the pollen of five plants � in 5,4 % and the pollen of six � in 2,4 %. The pollen of plants of kind Rosaceae was found in 55,1 % of the cells, of kind Lamiaceae � in 19,8 %, of kind Asteraceae � in 8,3 %, of kind Carpofiliaceae � in 6,3 %, of kind Paeoniaceae � in 4,7 %, of kind Corylaceae � 4,2 %, of kind Ranunculaceae � 1,6 %. Osmia rufa develops in one generation. According to data obtained for many years the embryonic development Lasts from 3 to 10 days. The development of larva � 13,8-44,5 days. A pupa becomes an adult bee in 21-22 days. Thus, the whole cycle of bee development lasts 50,8-136,5 days, talking into considiration that larva being inactive.

Annotation

The improvement of the organization and planning of the field experiment with fertilizers is due to a significant expansion of the range of agrochemicals and insufficiently detailed reflecting of setting up experiments issues with the use of special fertilizers in the nursery that was set out in the �Program and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops�. Moreover, a high level of intensification of the modern production technologies development is required to clarify the agrochemical aspects of laying stationary experiments and to increase the reliability of the experimental results obtained by using of high-quality planting material, new complex special fertilizers and biologically active substances. The author's novelty of the approaches to the formulation of experiments with fertilizer described in the article is due to the elements of the method tested for the first time when laying a stationary experiment in the second field of the nursery on apple seedlings of the Gala and Champion varieties. The stages of laying the experiment are defined by the site reconnaissance, soil and agrochemical survey with the use of generally accepted methods and GOST Standards, the principle of selecting accounting plants, and the development of a phytomonitoring program using modern mobile equipment. To identify the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing of plants in the nursery, the method of leaf analysis is proposed. The terms and quantity of selected plant samples are regulated. Analyses of plant material are carried out in accordance with generally accepted and original methods. It is recommended to store experimental data in an electronic journal for preliminary digital processing and statistical evaluation using the Microsoft Office Excel program. The form of the electronic journal depends on the volume information. For statistical evaluation of the results of the experiment with the number of repetitions no more than 4, the method of B.A. Dospekhov is recommended, which allows to use the data obtained in the experiment in a reasoned way, is recommended.

Annotation

Quality control and product safety directly depends on the competence of the testing laboratory. In connection with the improvement of the regulatory framework on quality and food safety increase in requirements for testing laboratories. The relevance of the article is connected with the introduction of a new version of the current international standard ISO / IEC 17025 �General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories�. The article analyzes the key changes of the document and the recommendations for their implementation in the activities of testing laboratories are given. The role of the requirements of science, legislation and the customer is defined. It is shown that the transition of testing Laboratories to the new standard version will allow to prove that they are acting professionally and capable to give the technically sound results. Elements of a risk-based approach are described, as well as the introducing requirements, based on production functionality. Suggested to develop the algorithm of risk management. Noted that new document regarding the requirements or processes, procedures, documented information and organizational responsibilities is more flexibility than that in the previous version. The area of the standard � laboratory activity is defined, the set of work for the laboratory is described, accent on a constant analysis of the professionalism of laboratory personnel is made. Aspects of competency confirmation for employees are described. The relevant issues of information technology are observed, the importance of using the specialized computer programs in the laboratory is defined that allow to carry out the complex statistical calculations and keeping of control charts. The responsibility for metrological traceability and its provision in the laboratory is specified. The rules of decision adoption for declarations about conformity are described. It is shown that new changes in laboratory activities will increase in the reliability of test results, and the effectiveness of quality control, and product safety and the high product competitiveness will provide.

Annotation

In winemaking production, the problem of deep processing of raw materials is important, including the use of press waste � grape marc, the main ways of using which are currently fodder purposes and improving the structure of the soil. Currently, the rational use of secondary raw materials of plant raw materials plays an important role in solving food, environmental and energy problems, as a way to obtain additional sources of valuable substances of natural origin. The economic expediency of secondary material resources processing is that the resulting products give a significant additional income from production. A high economic effect can be achieved, including the use of modern high-tech technologies. The use of pomace dark-colored grape Varieties is of economic importance, Because it allows the most rational use for basic raw materials. The availability of raw materials of winemaking in the Krasnodar Region creates the prerequisites for processing the grape pomace for food dyes, which can significantly expand the production of natural food additives. In this work the questions reflecting the influence of the fermental medicine of pectolytic orientation on the technological parameters of the extraction solution and the natural food dye-stuff obtained from it are considerated. The methodology for extracting anthocyanins from grape marc extracts of dark-colored varieties using a different dosage and time of action of the enzyme preparation to determine the optimal color intensity of the enocianina was tested. Studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the use of this enzyme preparation, which had a positive effect on the quality and safety of the final product. The natural grape dye obtained by the improved method is characterized by good stability during heating and storage, which means it is applicable for coloring products whose production technology includes heat treatment.

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A large assortment of grapes used for the production of rosé wines, along with technological processing peculiarities result in the final product with colour characteristics ranging from pale pink to dark crimson. Colour variability of rosé wines within the same product name of different batches may raise consumer�s doubts as to the origin and quality of a beverage. CIELab system is a promising way to wine colour quantitative expression with a view to its reproduction. The paper presents data on experimental comparison of organoleptic and instrumental methods for wine colour assessment. The study was conducted on samples of rosé table dry wines from �Cabernet Sauvignon�, �Saperavi�, �Bastardo Magarachsky� and �Sangiovese� grapes. Colour converter was used for reproduction of L *, a *, b * trichromatic coordinates. It was shown that wine samples from �Cabernet Sauvignon�, �Bastardo Magarachsky� and �Sangiovese� grapes were characterized by pastel colours, while Saperavi wines demonstrated pink and raspberry shades due to both the varietal characteristics of the grapes and the physical-chemical composition of the wines. The total content of phenolic substances in the samples of rosé wines can vary by 1.5-3 times, and range from 350 to 912 mg/dm3. Comparison of the visual and instrumental colour assessment methods demonstrated strong similarities between descriptive and colour expression of the studied samples color. The CIELab system can be used to mathematically express the colour of a wine, reproduce an image and colour, which can be used to regulate and manage the control of rosé wines.

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The use of fresh fruits and vegetables in food is an integral part of a balanced human diet. The current trend towards a healthy lifestyle and taking care of one's health creates a high consumer demand for high-quality fresh fruits and vegetables. In recent years, in connection with global environmental problems, such as heavy air and water pollution, the agricultural industry has been faced with big problems of growing and post-harvest conservation of fruits and vegetables. A pressing problem is the storage of fruits and vegetables and the preservation of their sensory and nutritional qualities. It is extremely important to find such a technology for preserving fresh fruits and vegetables, when used, all components of their chemical composition as long as possible remain at a high level in content and do not undergo significant changes in quality indicators, biological activity and safety. The development of new technologies for the preservation of quality and the extension of the shelf life of fresh agricultural products is particularly important due to global environmental changes. The article discusses modern physical, chemical and biological studies that describe new ways to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables.

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Due to the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in the world and in Russia, the food industry is challenged to expand the assortment of various diabetic food products and to improve their quality. Diabetic food products must contain not only low-glycaemic components, but also vitamins, minerals that are necessary for normalization of metabolism. Nowadays, the assortment of diabetic food products is formed mainly by confectionery products with sugar substitutes. However, fruit-and- vegetable and berry raw materials can be used in the development of new functional diabetic products, as they contain valuable bioactive substances (vitamins, mineral salts, dietary fibres). This paper presents the research findings on the development of new types of diabetic products made of berry raw materials of Krasnodar Region. Pine strawberries and blackberries with plenty of biologically valuable components (vitamins, macro- and microelements) were used as raw materials for diabetic products. The sugar substitutes, such as sorbitol and beet pectin, were added to the formulations of new products. Beet pectin is characterized by a high complexing ability. Thich makes it possible to use it in medical and therapeutic food products. The main quality indicators, namely organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, were determined in the tested raw materials and developed products. It was found that the tested varieties of strawberry and blackberry are rich in pectin substances and vitamin C and have a high sugaracid index. The formulated desserts are also distinguished by high organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. Thus, they can be recommended for diabetic and preventive nutrition.

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In recent years, interest in the production of port wine type liquors has increased: the volume of their production in 2019 increased in 5.3 %. Previous studies have shown the possibility of quality Ports making from white hybrid grape varieties. The purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of using red grape varieties � Dionysus, Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoyny � for the production of liquor wines such as Port. It has been found that according to physic-chemical parameters, the wine materials from the studied grape varieties are identical to the ones of control � wine materials from the classic variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon. It was shown that the value of oxidation-reduction potential was, mV: Cabernet Sauvignon � 402; Dionysus � 447; Krasnostop AZOS � 432; Decent � 429, so the wine materials made from hybrid grape varieties were more inclined to oxidation than wine materials from the classic Cabernet Sauvignon. The greatest amount of �phenolic compounds sum� was identified in wine materials from the Krasnostop AZOS and Dostoyniy grape varieties, anthocyanins � from Krasnostop AZOS, monomeric forms of polyphenols � from Dionysus. According to the composition of aroma-forming components, port wine type materials made from hybrid red grape varieties are close to the control sample from Cabernet-Sauvignon. The concentrations of acetaldehyde and esters were identical. Wine materials from red hybrid grape varieties were more inclined to oxidation, as a result of which they were faster ported. The porting regimes are substantiated: oxygen dosage should be limited to 20 mg / dm3 due to its significant influence the oxidation of phenolic substances; temperature of porting must be maintained at the level of 50-55 º�. The typing duration must be 7-10 days.

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The article presents the results of identifying the processes of transformation of nisin in wine during interaction with bentonites of various manufacturers. An attempt is made to study the mechanisms of interaction of the nisin antibiotic with mineral sorbents of various deposits by identifying the relative degree of its removal, as well as to establish the effect of technological processing of bentonite clays the composition of inorganic cations and organic acids in wines. With the addition of nisin, the amount of ammonium, potassium, and magnesium decreased, which is possibly due to the binding ability of nisin with respect to these cations due to its polypeptide structure. It was experimentally established that when the Nizin preparation was introduced and the wine was treated with bentonite clays, the difference between the average values of the mass concentrations of organic acids in wine was not statistically significant. It was found that the processing of white table wine with the addition of nisin by bentonite clays as a whole showed a high degree of nisin removal � more than 80 %. It was found that the degree of dispersion (particle size) of bentonites did not significantly affect their sorption ability relative to the nisin. The external and internal factors as activators and inhibitors of adsorption � for the removal of nisin are analyzed. It has been suggested that the interaction of nisin with bentonites occurs mainly due to electrostatic reactions, and not due to adhesion forces that increase with decreasing sorbent particle size. The possible mechanisms of nisin sorption in the process of its detection in the wines are proposed. It is recommended to use the bentonite clays of Bentovin (Dash-Salakhninskoye deposit, Republic of Azerbaijan), Vinobent (Mine "10th farm", Khakassia) for ensuring the consumer safety of wines containing the residual amounts of nisin.

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After processing of grapes there is a huge amount of waste, including about 20-30% of grape pomace, which must be involved in further turnover. Grape pomace consists mainly of the skin, seeds, ridges and remaining pulp, the processing of which will partially to solve both environmental and economic issues related to the involvement of pomace in the technological process of production of new products. The grape berry contains such organic acids as malic, citric, amber, oxalic, lactic and others, the study of which is also of scientific and practical interest. The composition of organic acids of sweet pomace from grape varieties: Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Traminer, Pinot Noir, as well as fermented: Merlot, Saperavi. Pomaces are selected at the enterprises of the Krasnodar region is studied in this work. Studies of organic acids were carried out in water-alcohol extracts. First, the pomace was extracted with hot water (70 ℃), and then � with ethyl alcohol of 96.5 % vol., that made it possible to extract more fully the organic acids. Comparison of organic acids content in the samples was carried out after conversion to dry matter. It was revealed that the main acids of grape pomace are tartaric and malic acids. Concentrations of tartaric acid varied from 20.30 g/kg to 70.99 g/kg, malic acid � from 4.75 to 19.40 g/kg. The grape variety, the conditions of its processing, the place of grape growing had a significant impact the concentration of both total and individual organic acids.