Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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Comparative biometric characteristics of organs in the male part of the flower � stamens, anthers and connective, in 50 seedless grape varieties grown in the ampelographic collection at the Agrarian University, Plovdiv, were carried out. 100 measurements of the parameters of the male organs of the flower were made: the length and width of the stamen filament, anther and connective. The collection of flower buds from inflorescences was carried out in the phenophase of flowering. They are conventionally divided horizontally into three groups: the base � covers the first few branches of the inflorescences; the middle � branches in the middle part of the inflorescences; the top � the upper parts of the inflorescences. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied, through which relatively homogeneous groups of objects were established. Clustering was carried out using the method of intergroup communication, and the quadratic Euclidean distance was chosen as a measure of proximity. The reason for its use is the proven high coefficient of the contingent in comparison with other clustering methods and measures. With the help of dendrograms, the step-by-step unification of individual objects into clusters (groups) is graphically presented. It was found that in each group of indicators forming variants: the base, middle and top of the inflorescence, there are statistically proven differences between individual varieties and high variability. Depending on their location, they are distributed in sixteen generalized clusters at the base of the inflorescence, in the middle � in four and at the top � in seven, and each of them is made up of several subclusters, which include varieties of different names and numbers. The absence of proven differences in a holistic comparison between all the data on the variants � base : middle : top, confirms the ampelographic proximity of the studied seedless grape varieties, most likely due to the type of parthenocarpy. Mathematically proven morphological features of stamens, anthers, and connective tissue can be used in botanical description and identification

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The limits of the modification variability of the phenotypic trait � the grape yield of the introduced varieties Occidentalis negr. Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay have been established. The studies were carried out according to observations for the period from 1997 to 2011 in the changeable weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture sub-zone (BS1) of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems. In the studied area, the average annual air temperature for the 15-year observation period was +12.3 ºC, during budbreak (April) � +10.9 ºC, vegetation (April � September) � +19.5 ºC, active growth of grape berries (II June � III August) � +23.9 ºC, ripening berries (III August � II September) � +20.7 ºC. For individual years, the temperature varied in the range of +11.0�13.7 º�, during budbreak +8.3�13.4 º�, during the growing season +18.4�21.0 º�, active berry growth +22.5�25.8 º�, grape ripening +19.6�22.0 º�. The studied grape varieties annually experienced stress from the maximum air temperature during the period of active growth of grapes (+34�38 ºC) and four times from the minimum during forced rest (-20�-24 ºC). Variations in weather conditions caused variability of modification phenotypic traits in grape plants. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of grape yield capacity was most influenced by the temperature of the air in April, in general during the growing season � in April-August, the minimum for June-November of the previous year. The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon correlates with the temperature in April to a moderate degree (r = -0.43, -0.44), Chardonnay to an average degree (r = -0.54), Cabernet Sauvignon in April-August to an average degree (r = -0.54), Pinot Blanc to a moderate degree (r = -0.30). The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay varieties have an average dependence on the minimum temperature in June-November of the previous year (r = 0.51). The reaction rate of the phenotypic trait � yield capacity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety is 137 c/ha, Pinot Blanc � 87 c/ha, Chardonnay � 86 c/ha.

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Domestic varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors with high profitability in production are needed to replace the introduced table grape varieties. The aim of this research was to study promising hybrid forms of grapes in grafted and own-rooted culture in the conditions of the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The objects were hybrids of grapes Vitis L. Agat Dubovskiy, Akello, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovskiy. The control variety was Livia. Rootstock � Berlandieri x Riparia SO4. The planting scheme of the bushes was 4.0 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, drip irrigation. The climate is moderately continental, the average annual air temperature is +12.5 ...+13.0 ºC, the maximum reaches +40 ºC, the absolute minimum temperature is -28...-30 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures is equal to 3900 ...4100 ºC. The total precipitation is 700-800 mm. The studies were carried out using generally accepted field, laboratory and statistical methods. According to phenological observations, variety and hybrids were distinguished by three maturation periods according to the international classification � very early Livia (112 days) and Akello (114 days), medium Agat Dubovskiy (142 days) and Ispolin (145 days) and medium-late Kishmish Dubovskiy (148 days). The phenology of grafted and own-rooted plants differed slightly. Livia variety and hybrids required from 2467 ºC to 3243 ºC for vegetation. According to agrobiological indicators � the number of fruiting shoots, inflorescences, fruitfulness coefficients � grafted hybrid forms are more productive than the control variety and their own-rooted analogues, with the exception of Kishmish Dubovskiy, whose fruitfulness Coefficients are similar in the grafted and own-rooted culture and are close to the control values. The relative water content (RWC) of grafted and own-rooted plants is above 80 %, which means a normally hydrated leaf.

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The time and duration of the passage of various phases of vegetation by a grape plant largely depends on the climatic conditions of the area and annually changing weather conditions. Therefore, in order to have data on the timing and duration of the phases, it is necessary to conduct phenological observations of grape bushes, marking the beginning and end of each phase due to weather conditions. Phenological studies of grape varieties of different maturation periods and different directions of use at the Anapa ampelographic collection are conducted annually. This work is very important, since all agrotechnical measures for growing grapes are closely related to the passage of individual phases of vegetation and dormancy. These studies are especially relevant in a constantly changing climate. As a result of the conducted research on the study of phenological indicators in 245 grape varieties at the ampelocollection, it was found that the atypical conditions of 2021 greatly affected the timing of the passage of phenophases, shortening the growing season of medium and late grape varieties by 10-20 days in comparison with previous years. Some grape varieties with very early, early, early-medium, medium and even with medium-late and late ripening dates in 2021 had almost the same duration of the growing season and later entered the flowering phase and the beginning of berry ripening compared to previous years. A number of technical varieties (Goruli Mtsvane, Mtsvane Kakhetinskiy, Rhenish Riesling, Mercuriy, etc.), compared with previous years, have not reached the necessary conditions of sugars in the must during the mass harvest also due to prolonged steady rains and cool weather. In addition, a number of varietieshad a high percentage of damage by various types of rot without reaching the necessary conditions. The ripening of the vine was delayed and it was not complete in many varieties.

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The gene pool of grapes of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and Wine-making (AZESV&W) includes introduced varieties from various ecological and geographical places of growth, which are used annually in breeding work. Plant breeders of the Station are actively searching for new sources of economically valuable traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors on the ampelographic collection of genetic resources of grape culture. The proposed article contains the main results of scientific research on the identification of new sources of breeding-valuable traits among grape varieties of ampelocollection. The objects of research were grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin from the AZESV&W gene pool. Traditional and improved breeding programs and methods were used in the study. As a result of the research, some features of the reaction of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical groups and maturation periods to atypical conditions of the growing season of 2021 have been revealed. There are 4 sources of valuable traits among grape varieties, namely, one variety for phylloxerostability � Pierrel; two varieties for large-berry trait � the Daughter of Nimrang and Arkadiya; seedlessness � Pamyat� Dombkovskoy. The main purpose of this kind of research is the creation of new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing an increase in the hardiness of the agrocenosis and the stability of fruiting, the introduction of which into production can increase the profitability of growing grapes by increasing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the yield. These source varieties are annually examined for phenological and agrobiological characteristics. Varieties with high indicators of economically valuable traits are actively used in hybridization to obtain new high-quality grape varieties.

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The work is devoted to a comprehensive agroecological analysis of the territory of the Crimean peninsula for favorable conditions for cultivation of grapes. The regularities of spatial variation of eight agroecological factors that characterize the heat and moisture availability of the territory are studied: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season period. The factors are grouped according to the principle of similarity of the patterns of their spatial variation. The main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of cultivation of grapes are considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC. Based on the revealed patterns, digital distribution maps of the studied factors are constructed. Using GIS technologies, an overlay analysis of complex maps of heat, moisture availability and frost hazard of the territory was carried out with the mutual overlap of maps and the separation of ampeloecotopes of one group by the boundaries of ampeloecotopes of other groups. Territories that are not suitable for vineyards due to unfavorable orographic and soil onditions, as well as lands belonging to the nature reserve and forest areas, have been identified and excluded. On the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, 27 ampeloecotopes with varying degrees of favorability for cultivation of grapes with a total area of 1672.6 thousand hectares have been allocated and a digital map of their placement have been built. The obtained results can serve as a basis for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry of the Republic of Crimea.

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The article considers the relevance of creating an electronic database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region. The database contains information on the physicochemical parameters of high-quality red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, of the following categories: wines with a protected geographical indication (PGI), with the designation of the region of production; wines with a protected appellation of origin (PAO), indicating the vineyard/small area of production (municipality, rural settlement); wines with the prospect of being registered as wines with PGI or PAO. Information about the producer, the name of the wine, the varietal composition of grapes and the year of harvest is presented. The physicochemical parameters of wines are represented by the mass concentration of inorganic cations (K+ , Na+ , Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl� , SO4 2- ) � obtained using the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) on the �apel 105M device (Russia); microelements (Sr, Rb, Ti) using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy on the Kvant.Z device (Russia); phenolic substances, including anthocyanins using the spectrometry method; as well as chromatic characteristics and their calculated indicators (intensity, shade, yellowness and color coordinates in the CIELab system). The proposed database contains empirical data obtained by scientists of the scientific center "Winemaking" and the Center for Collective Use of High-Tech Equipment of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in 2020-2022. As a result of the research and development of a database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, a certificate of state registration No. 2022620910 dated 04.21.2022 was obtained. The database i s intended for the accumulation, operational search, storage and analysis of information, and also creates the basis for the development of a quality control system for wine products with geographical affiliation

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The development of methods for determining the adaptive ability of plants to adverse abiotic and biotic factors is an important direction in many fields of science (ecological genetics, epiginetics, genetics of quantitative traits, biochemical genetics, ecological genetics, plant immunity, physiology, phytopathology, etc.). The study of plant microbiota allows a comprehensive assessment of their adaptability, similar to studies conducted on animals. The characteristics of the plant itself, the stage of its development, the reaction of the host and endophyte to external conditions affect the composition and structure of the endophytic community. These complex interactions play a role in the manifestation of the plant's phenotypic traits, including its ability to adapt to ad-verse abiotic and biotic factors. Combined breeding and biocontrol strategies are necessary to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Testing of rootstock forms of small-stone cultures showed the presence of endophytic microorganisms in the internal tissues of stem explants. Among the isolated bacteria, representatives of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus dominated. Fungi were represented by necrotrophs (Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium). Endophytic bacteria showed antagonism to isolated pathogenic fungi. It was revealed that in genotypes with a high level of adaptation to abiotic and biotic adverse factors, fungal pathogens are isolated from internal tissues in less than 15 % of all tests. Bacteria predominate and are detected in more than half of the tests. Therefore, it is important to determine the nature of the effect of endophytic bacteria on plant tissues by the degree of their necrotization in the presence of the studied microorganisms. According to the indicators of bacterial and fungal microbiota development, as well as the degree of necrotization of plant tissues under the influence of endophytic bacteria, the most promising genotypes were identified among the studied rootstock forms of small-stemmed cultures: VSL-2, 3-93, 5-40, 3-21, 3-110, 11-17, 5-44, 10-13 (2009 - 2010); Gisella D, Gisella 5, 3-76 (2021).

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The purpose of the article was to study the effect of inverse transfer preparations of the resonant frequency range of heteroauxin for obtaining own-rooted grape seedlings. An analytical review of methods for carrying out the transfer of resonant frequencies with parametric characteristics of biological processes is carried out. The potential of using an electromagnetic field with fixed spectral characteristics of the frequencies of chemical and biological preparations for their processing of biological objects is revealed. The effect of inverse transfer preparations of the resonant frequency range of heteroauxin on the regenerative processes of the processed planting material during the production of own-rooted grape seedlings was found. As a result of the work carried out to establish possible options for removing the frequency spectrum of a native preparation with specialized technological equipment, its applicability for obtaining and using a modulated low-intensity electromagnetic field in the production of own-rooted grape seedlings is shown. The indicators of regenerative ability � rooting and shoot formation � for two-buds one�year-old cuttings of the Citron Magaracha grape variety were studied. The resonant frequencies of the native heteroauxin, taken from the preparation in inversion, in the experiment performed the role of modulating for the carrier, the main spectrum of operating frequencies, which in our case were the so-called �Schumann waves�. The control was a sample of the carrier (water) processed by the carrier frequency spectrum used by the equipment. Positive results have been obtained from the use of an inverse preparation of the resonant frequency spectrum taken from the native heteroauxin as a medium stimulating the ability of plant tissues to regenerate. The increase in the rooting ability index in all variants of the experiment proved to be the main one, while the positive dynamics of the change in the indicator of shoot-formation of grape cuttings revealed itself to a small extent. The previously formulated working hypothesis about the manifestation of the similarity principle in the application of the obtained resonance-frequency preparations of heteroauxin has been confirmed. A high degree of efficiency of mass-produced specialized equipment in relation to the tasks being solved is determined. The key algorithms for the creation of transfer preparations of native chemical substances are proposed. Further confirmations of the previously identified laws of water treatment as a carrier of the resonance frequency spectrum of the initial preparation were received.

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To improve the organic nutrition of a grape plant in in vitro culture, studies were conducted on the effect of sucrose on the development of test-tube plants. Despite the fact that sucrose is the most commonly used and sufficiently studied source of carbon in in vitro nutrient media, at this stage of the study, it was necessary to clarify and compare the response of specific model varieties to various concentrations of sucrose, and also to obtain, at the end of the experiment, a sufficient number of microplants for further stages of research. Two varieties with diametrically opposite characteristics of development in in vitro culture were taken for the study. The Sibirkovyi variety was chosen as one of the fastest growing and, accordingly, the fastest aging (in vitro culture) varieties, and Krasnostop Karpi is one of the slowest developing varieties in in vitro culture. In addition, these varieties also differ genetically. Sucrose concentrations from 0 to 40 g/L were used in the experiment. The varietal reaction of model varieties in the experiment with different concentrations of sucrose in the nutrient medium showed both general patterns and minor differences. For the Sibirkovyi variety, the optimal concentrations for the development of most indicators of microplants were in the range from 5 to 20 g/l, and for the Krasnostop Karpi variety � 5-10 g/l. There was a clear tendency to decrease the root length index with a decrease in sucrose concentration below and an increase above 30.0 g/l in both varieties. The best indicators of development and preservation in a year were noted in the variant where sucrose was not used at all, the variant with the lowest concentration of sucrose, 5.0 g/l, was slightly inferior to it. At the same time, at high concentrations, despite the worse preservation, a slowdown in the growth processes of the shoot and its maturation in some plants were noted.

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Many years of experience in studying the winter hardiness of fruit trees and the analysis of literary sources indicate the difficulty of identifying forms resistant to low temperatures of the winter-spring period in the conditions of southern Russia. Prolonged autumn, constant temperature jumps in the winter-spring period and significant differences in the years of both average and minimum and maximum temperatures make it difficult to isolate plants adaptive to the stressors of this period. In winter, biochemical processes take place in the tissues of fruit trees, many of which are much more intense in the conditions of a warm southern winter than in the conditions of cold winters in more northern regions, and therefore, standards and parameters are needed to determine winter hardiness, acceptable specifically to the conditions of the south. The winter development and hardiness of fruit trees is determined to a very large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter, and to what extent these substances will turn into protective ones. All this makes it necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of plants using physiological, biochemical, anatomical and morphological studies involving artificial climate cameras. In our work, the quantitative determination of starch in perennial branches and young shoots of sour cherries allowed us to reveal its dynamics during the annual cycle of plant development. Cherry varieties that showed excellent and good resistance to low temperatures had a greater number of starch grains. With the help of artificial freezing and the field method of research, it was possible to isolate the resistance of sour cherry varieties to each component of winter hardiness. The most resistant to the complex of winter stresses from the studied forms in the field conditions of Ust-Labinsk district, where low winter temperatures of up to -27 ºC are observed, according to the results of field experiments, freezing in special chambers and according to starch accumulation, were following clone Molodezhnaya, and cherry varieties Griot Timiryazevsky, Timiryazevskaya pozdnyaya.

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The search for an accelerated assessment of the resistance of grape varieties to extremely high temperatures (hyperthermia) is of particular relevance due to the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced high-temperature stress (hyperthermia) in terms of peroxidase activity, the content of proline, ascorbic acid, and to identify varieties with increased resistance to high temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Studied varieties respond to hyperthermia by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and by the accumulation of proline, ascorbic acid. It was found that peroxidase played an important role in the suppression of oxidative stress in the variety Dostoynyi � an increase in its activity by 5.09 times; unlike other varieties, in which an increase was noted by 1.08-1.97 times. In other varieties, the maintenance of redox balance is achieved by increasing the content of proline, ascorbic acid. Insufficient peroxidase activity under conditions of hyperthermia in varieties Kristall and Zarif was compensated by an increase in proline content � by 2.65 and 7.64 times, respectively. It was presented that in the varieties Kristall and Dostoynyi, ascorbic acid showed its protective effect along with proline � an increase in its content by 2.31 and 2.66 times, respectively. In the Zarif variety under stress conditions, an increase in ascorbic acid by 8.35 times was observed. It has been established that the varieties Zarif, Dostoynyi, Kristall, unlike other studied varieties, are more resistant to extremely high temperatures in the summer period.

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Important aspects of the vital activity of the root Poncirus trifoliate Raf. � the main rootstock for the genus Citrus under the conditions of the subtropics of the Caucasus Black Sea coast are considered. The root system is not only an organ of absorption, excretion and metabolism, but also the interaction of underground and aboveground organs. The study of the power and nature of the structure of the root system, the depth of its infiltration into the soil is of great practical importance for characterizing soil fertility. The growth pattern of the above-ground and root systems of mandarin grafted on P. trifoliata should be taken into account at determining the area of plant nutrition during bedding. The root system of seedlings of Unshiu mandarin variety at the age of 1-2 years is characterized by specific features: primary roots have very few root hairs, the functions of which are performed by mycorrosis, which explains the need for aeration and hydration of the roots. The bulk of the roots of Unshiu mandarin seedlings on the P. trifoliata rootstock is located at a depth of 0-20 cm, and a smaller part � at a depth of 20-40 cm. Most often, the root is interpreted as an organ that receives water with elements of mineral nutrition. However, the study of root systems makes it possible to develop agrotechnical methods of influencing on plants. The absorptive activity of the citrus root is given special attention due to the absence of root hairs, which are replaced by mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is a complex symbiosis of trifoliate roots and fungal mycelium. Over the years of evolution, their interaction has become necessary for each other. Therefore, the improvement of the soil environment in the root habitat zone is favorable for the growth and generative processes of citrus plants.

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The paper summarizes the results of studies on the effect of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum on the biological and economic indicators of grapevine. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer of Kunlean grapevine variety plants was carried out in the following vegetative stages: before flowering; the next two top-dressings � 15 days after the previous one. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum has shown its biological effectiveness, having a positive effect on the formation of berries in bunches, contributing to an increase in their mass and quantity. Significantly higher bunch weight, compared with the control, have been proven for variants with fertilizing rates of 0.6 kg/ha and 0.8 kg/ha, which resulted in a significant increase in plantation yield capacity up to 18 %. The positive effect of the agrochemical with water-soluble ferrum also affected the quality of the harvest. The mass concentration of sugars increased (22.4-22.8 g/100 cm3 ) in variants with different fertilizer application rates compared to the control variant. These indicators in plants of Kunlean variety were standard for varietal conditions. A close linear relationship between the micro-fertilizer consumption rate and the yield capacity value is demonstrated by the approximation of the obtained experimental data, which confirms that with an increase in the micro-fertilizer consumption rate, the yield also increases. The positive effect of micro-fertilizers with consumption rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha on the increase of sugar content in berry juice is confirmed by a close polynomial relationship between these values. The use of micro-fertilizers did not have a significant role in the acidity of berry juice. The recommended rate of application of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum to obtain an increase in yield with improved quality properties is 0.6 kg/ha.

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At the moment, there are no systematic scientific conclusions in Russia about the mechanisms of the impact of preparations of various forms of non-root action on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from plots of different levels of fertility. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of different composition and system of action on the grape plant. The main attention, along with the yield capacity, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from poor soil areas during the study of the technical grape variety Chardonnay. The objects of research were grapes and wine of Chardonnay variety from variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Filloton, Agrumax). The experiment of studying the effect of foliar dressings on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine was established in the Anapa region on vine plantations grafted onto a Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock planted in 2006 according to a 3x1.5 m scheme, the formation was a bilateral cordon Kazenava. Research results 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied foliar preparations had a positive effect on the yield capacity and technological qualities of grapes of the Chardonnay variety. The best result in terms of yield capaciry was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux � 9.7 and 9.4 kg/plant, respectively. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be wine materials from variants with treatment of Gumel Lux and Phylloton, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.

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The paper presents the results of research to determine the quality and chemical composition of berries of 24 varieties and hybrid forms of raspberries cultivated in the foothill zone of the Crimea. One of the possible ways to solve the problem of increasing the biological value of food is to improve the assortment of raspberries with a high degree of quality indicators of berries. To this end, the level of accumulation of soluble solids, total sugar, organic acid, ascorbic acid in berries was assessed. Varietal differences in the nutritional value of berries, taste qualities and the content of ascorbic acid, which determines the medicinal properties of raspberries, were determined. The purpose of the variety is determined by the sugar content and acidity of the fruits, which are signs that characterize the quality of the berries. It is necessary to use mathematical analysis to determine the nature of the relationships between these features. The relationship of taste qualities with the biochemical composition of berries was determined with the help of statistical approaches using regression analysis. As a result of the conducted studies, high fruit taste indicators (4,7-4,9 points) were observed in seven varieties and three hybrid forms. The increased content of ascorbic acid (55,9-95,2 mg/100 g) was detected in four varieties and five hybrid forms, titrated acidity (2,6-3,3 %) � in four varieties, total sugar (2,6-3,3 %) � in three varieties and two forms, soluble solids (15,1-20,2 %), � in ten varieties and two hybrid forms. Indicators of the sugar-acid index from 6,0 to 7,2 were observed in three varieties and two forms. The selected varieties and forms are of interest for use in fruit-growing, as well as initial forms in further breeding work when creating new varieties with high taste qualities of berries and an increased content of ascorbic acid. The construction of the equation of multiple regression of the dependence of taste qualities on the influence of chemical composition makes it possible to more purposefully select the initial parent varieties for hybridization.

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The article presents the results of a 2-year experimental study of the effect of biomodified fertilizers on the yield capacity and quality of early peach fruits Spring Gold in the central zone of the region (Krasnodar). Orchard planted in 2009. Medium-sized trees are formed according to the �improved bowl� system. The variety of American breeding (Spring Gold) is characterized by high taste qualities, average fruit size, rounded shape with a red blush, yellow flesh and juiciness, as well as sensitivity to spring frosts. Trees of this variety are also demanding on the level of soil fertility. Biomineral fertilizers introduced into the soil in early spring 2021, which have a biomodifier based on a strain of rhizospheric aerobic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (BMF) in their composition, mainly contributed to an increase in the content of mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil compared to the variant without fertilizers by 7.3-8.5 %, as well as the content of total phosphorus in peach leaves in comparison with the control variant by 24 %. In the variant with the introduction of BMF, the increase in the efficiency of microbial cenosis metabolism was observed, accompanied by an increase in the biological activity of the soil (BR and Cmic). A morphological study of generative buds and peach pollen, due to significant fluctuations in air temperature in the winter-spring period, did not reveal any damage to the analyzed samples. The yield capacity level of peach variety Spring Gold in the control variant (without fertilizers) was set at 34.6 and 35.1 kg/tree for this design of plantings in 2021-2022. Productivity against the background of the application of BMF was significantly higher: 41.6 and 44.8 kg/tree. At the stage of removable maturity, in accordance with GOST 34340-2017, the bulk of the fruits belong to the parameters of the highest and first commercial grades. The range of variation of such indicators as the size and weight of the fruit was much wider in the control variant. The content of solids in fruits was established not exceeding 10.2%, and sugars ≤ 5.7 %, which is typical for the group of varieties of ultra-early ripening. Against the background of the application of BMF, the content of biologically valuable substances in the fruits � vitamin C and vitamin P � was higher in comparison with the control variant by 5.2 and 48.5%, respectively.

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The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.

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The fruits of the sweet cherry plant (Prunus avium L.) with a high percentage of water quickly deteriorate, so research is constantly being conducted to extend access to fresh sweet cherries in the intercrop. Now in the Guba-Khachmaz region, emphasis is placed on new varieties of sweet cherries, especially Ziraat 0900 and Lapins, grown here on medium-sized rootstock Maxima-14 of French origin. The advantages of these varieties include high yield capacuty, as well as the fact that their fruits have an ideal shape, taste and color with a pronounced shine. Little is known about their properties such as responsiveness to different conditions of post-harvest storage, and orientation in this matter to literary data may be unjustified, given that in many respects they are formed under the influence of edaphoclimatic conditions of the growing region. The main objective of this study was precisely to increase awareness of this issue. In addition to the above two varieties, the experiments, for comparison, also included the fruits of the sweet cherry variety �Cow Heart�, grown in this region traditionally on a tall rootstock (wild). The fruits of the three aforementioned varieties were harvested 5-7 days before their full ripening. They were stored in closed plastic bags for 1 kg (25x40 cm in size, 0,05 mm thick) for 3 weeks at a temperature of 0 ... + 2 ºC and a relative humidity of 90-95 %. During storage, changes in the taste and color of fruits and pedicels were evaluated, as well as the natural decline and yield of standard fruits. Before and after storage, the content of dry soluble substances, total sugar and vitamin C and titrated acidity were determined. Storage of sweet cherries under these conditions led to significant natural losses, which, depending on the variety, amounted to 5.1-9.8 %. The yield of standard fruits of the Cow heart variety was 80.0 %, and it was significantly higher in the Ziraat 0900 and Lapins varieties � 89,9 and 88,7 %, respectively. Thus, the sweet cherries of the latest introduced varieties Ziraat 0900and Lapins turned out to be more suitable for cold storage without freezing than the sweet cherries of the Cow Heart variety, which appeared in Azerbaijan many decades ago and belongs to the old Western European cultivars.

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Grapes are a seasonal crop, and their consumption in fresh form is limited to two or three months. Extension of the period of consumption is possible by careful selection of yielding and genotypically stable varieties, the set of which would ensure an equal arrival of products in trade and processing enterprises, as well as by forming a rational logistical system of transportation and storage, which allows to prolong the storage period of grapes. To date, there are a number of technologies for grape storage, allowing to minimize the value of losses, as well as to prolong the period of storage. However, not all methods are safe for human health and their effectiveness cannot be justified. Proceeding from this, the aim of the research is to develop storage technology for table grapes, allowing to extend the storage period, using biotechnological methods, safe for human health. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and technical information sources, it was established that a promising direction is the development of storage technology with the use of film-forming films and coatings. On the basis of organoleptic biochemical, physico-chemical and microbiological studies the technology of table grapes storage with the use of film-forming coatings based on starch and gelatin and based on chitosan and sodium alginate has been developed. It has been established that storage of grapes with film-forming coatings in accordance with the developed technology has a positive effect on grape yield and reduces the value of total losses. The best indices, irrespective of the composition of the film-forming coating, showed the samples treated at the rate of 100 ml per 1000 grams of berries. The yield of marketable grapes when using the coating based on starch and gelatin increased by 29.6 %, the yield of grapes based on chitosan and alginate increased by 25.7 %.

Annotation

Courgettes and scallop squash are quite important vegetable crops in the Russian Federation. For the period 2000-2020 gross yields of courgettes and scallop squash in farms of all categories increased by 10.5 %, in the commercial sector (agricultural organizations and peasant/farm enterprises) � by 95.4 %. However, as objects of storage, the fruits of these crops are distinguished by thin integumentary tissues, low water-holding capacity, high respiration rate, and vulnerability to microbiological deterioration. Further complicating the organization of their storage is the fact that courgettes and scallop squash are thermophilic and get damaged by low temperature. Thus, the creation of technologies to control the loss of courgettes and scallop squash is relevant. The purpose of this work was mathematical modeling of the processes of natural weight loss of fresh courgettes during storage and the development of software for predicting losses. As objects of study, a hybrid of courgettes Iskander F1 was used. The courgettes were stored for 10 days under various conditions: the temperature varied from 7 to 15 ºC, relative air humidity - from 55 to 95 %. At the end of storage, the mass of research objects was determined. As a result of the conducted work, the dependence of the natural weight loss during storage of courgettes on such parameters as temperature and relative air humidity was revealed. The established dependence made it possible to create a mathematical model and develop software based on it, designed to predict the amount of losses depending on the aforementioned parameters. The developed application llows to optimize the storage parameters of courgettes in order to reduce losses and maximize the duration of their storage.

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In recent years, many wineries have chosen to avoid using commercial S. cerevisiae strains as fermentation starters, and preferred the use of autochthonous selected strains as an oenological strategy that allows combining the industrial advantages of inoculated fermentation with the authenticity and typicality of spontaneous fermentation by native S. cerevisiae strains. One of the important tasks in the search for autochthonous strains of S. cerevisiae is the assessment of the genetic identity of strains and their genetic diversity. The interdelta genotyping method is successfully used for this purpose. The paper presents the results of interdelta genotyping of 49 autochthonous S. cerevisiae strains isolated on white and red grape varieties on the territory of the Krasnodar region, using three primer pairs δ1+ δ2, δ12+ δ2, δ12+ δ21. It was found that when primer pairs δ12+ δ2 and δ12+ δ21 were used, 14 different patterns were formed in the samples. When using the primer pair δ1+ δ2 � 11 patterns. With the primer pair δ12+ δ21, 5 and 6 groups of genetic similarity were formed in the studied samples, which is higher than when using other types of δ pairs. According to the dendrogram obtained from the results of the interdelta analysis and constructed using the UPGMA method, the strains were divided into 2 main groups, and the first group included only yeasts isolated on the Dostoynyi grape variety (19 out of 28 strains). The second group included 9 strains isolated on the Dostoynyi grape variety and all strains isolated on the Chardonnay grape variety, which in turn were combined into subclusters. Data of studies allow us to draw preliminary conclusions about the specificity of the genotypes of autochthonous yeasts found on the surface of white and red grape varieties.

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Amino acids are the most important group of organic nitrogenous substances in grapes. In the initial period of grape ripening there are few amino acids in grapes. During ripening their qualitative and quantitative composition noticeably changes. The amount of amino acids in grapes depends on variety, climatic conditions, soil composition, ripeness at harvest, method of processing, particularly the duration of contact of must with the hard parts of the bunch and many other factors. At the beginning of alcoholic fermentation there is an active consumption of amino acids by the yeast, and afterwards, as it dies off, the yeast enriches the wine with them. These compounds influence the formation of aroma and flavor of wines, as they are the precursors of many aromatic compounds. The purpose of the study is to establish the features of the biochemical composition of amino acids in liqueur wines of the port type prepared from white hybrid grape varieties. The objects of the study were liqueur wines of port type from white technical grape varieties of interspecific origin: Kristall, Platovskiy and Stanichnyi. Wine material prepared from Aligote variety was taken as a control. On the basis of the conducted studies, it was found that the total sum of amino acids in the experimental sample prepared from the Platovskiy grape variety was significantly higher compared to the other experimental wines (2692 mg/dm3 ). Proline dominates among the amino acids of all the test samples by mass concentration, its percentage of the total sum of amino acids in the studied wines was: Aligote (control) � 86,3 %; Kristall � 81 %; Stanichnyi � 51,4 %; Platovskiy � 83 %. The highest levels of amino acids arginine (162.5 mg/dm3 ), and leucine (4.88 mg/dm3 ) were observed in the wine made from Stanichnyi. The experimental variant of the variety Platovskiy had a fairly high content of ß-phenylalanine (23.67 mg/dm3 ) compared with other, and the highest amount of valuable amino acids: tyrosine � 63.07 mg/dm3 ; serine � 24.01 mg/dm3 ; threonine � 138.6 mg/dm3 ; ɑ-alanine � 26.61 mg/dm3 . The highest glycine content was observed in the wines prepared from the varieties Kristall (7.24 mg/dm3) and Platovskiy (7.89 mg/dm3).

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The article presents research materials on grape must and dry wines from hybrid forms of grapes of the AZESV&W breeding � 62-21, 62-20 and 62-24 (F/U Dzhemete x Cabernet Sauvignon). These hybrids are studied in a hybrid plot to identify a set of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits and properties that exceed the standard varieties. All hybrid forms are of technical direction, medium maturity. Productivity is high, they are tolerant to phylloxera. Grape must and wine from the Cabernet Sauvignon variety were used as controls. The bush management system is a vertical trellis. Formation standard, cordon type "Spiral cordon AZOS-1". The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The relief of the plot is gentle, the slope is south-western. As a result of the technochemical analysis of the grape must from the studied hybrids, it was revealed that by the time of harvesting they had accumulated more sugars than the control variety. The titrated acidity of the grape must of the hybrid form 62-20 and control (Cabernet Sauvignon) was significantly higher than in other variants of the experiment. Based on the gluco-acidometric index, the grape must of hybrids 62-21 and 62-24 was the most optimal for obtaining high-quality red wines. All hybrid forms contained more phenolic substances in berries than Cabernet Sauvignon (control). Wine materials from the studied hybrids have a high alcohol content and a reserve of extractive and phenolic substances, which exceeds the control in these parameters. In terms of the total amount of biologically active substances, wine materials from the studied elite hybrid forms are superior to the control sample. As a result of the tasting analysis of wine materials from the studied hybrids, it was revealed that they are not inferior to the control Cabernet Sauvignon, and the forms 62-21 and 62-24 are rated higher than it.

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Studies of the economy of viticulture of the Rostov region were carried out as part of a program of research work on the creation of grape varieties with improved economic and valuable features and improving methods for assessing the economic efficiency of new grape varieties. Analysis of the dynamics of vineyard areas made it possible to establish that in 2000-2020 they decreased by 27.6% and vineyards occupy 4.2 thousand hectares, of which 76.2 % of the vineyard area in fruiting age. 56.3 % of the total area of fruiting vineyards, is occupied by classical European varieties 8.9 % � autochthonous, 34.8 % � varieties of Russian and foreign scientific centers of viticulture breeding, including ARRIV&W named after Y.I. Potapenko breeding � 18.74%. The data of the study of sales of planting material indicate that in 2018-2020, the share of varieties of ARRIV&W � a branch of FGBNU FRANZ breeding in the total sales of grafting seedlings was 5.19 %, root seedlings of the 1st grade � 83.91 %, root seedlings of the 2nd grade � 70.77 %. It was caused by the state of the viticulture economy, the orientation of regional wineries to autochthonous grape varieties in the production of wines, the financial situation of enterprises and farms, wine producers. The data of forecast calculations indicate a high probability of reducing the area of vineyards in the Rostov region by 2025 compared to 2021 by 1.7-4.74 %, in 2028 � by 2.9-8.6 %. To preserve the vineyard area at the level of 4200-4300 hectares, it is necessary to annually lay new vineyards on an area of 122-169 hectares. This will require 291.4-455.9 thousand grape seedlings. It is also necessary to increase the budget financing of the industry to 86.7-89.0 million rubles per year.