Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The results of research of the impact of varietal characteristics and weather conditions for the implementation of the potential productivity of sweet cherries plants are presented. Biological productivity potential of most sweet cherry varieties allows them to receive the high annual yields, which full realization is prevented by insufficient winter hardiness of plants, especially of fruit buds. In the southern zone of the industrial cultivation of sweet cherry in winter period the considerable damage of generative buds is observed at a temperature -24 to 25 �C, the critical temperature�s minimum for sweet cherry varieties �26,0 �C. It is necessary to select the varieties of sweet cherries, capable to form a high resistance to temperature extremes of winter-spring period taking into consideration the climate features of the fruit zone of Krasnodar territory. It is the purpose of our conducted researches. As a result, the critical temperatures are set at different phases of fruit bud�s development are established. The degree of reduction of the elements of fruiting on the final stages of productivity formation is defined. The group of varieties that can fully realize the biological potential in fruit yield is allocated. The long-term assessment of winter hardiness of trees in the fruit plantings revealed the advantage of sweet cherry varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture.

Annotation

The use for grafting of rootstocks of "super-standard" category can serve as the promising technique of cultivation of fruit crops seedlings. The influence of SC-3, SC-4, SC-2, MM106 rootstocks on the development of annual apple seedlings of Renet Simirenko, Fuji, Liberty varieties is researched. The dependence of the quality of seedlings, grown by budding, from the thickness of the stock is revealed. It is established that increasing the thickness of rootstocks used for growing seedlings of all experimental varieties, is accompanied by growth characteristics such as height and trunk diameter of seedlings, number of branches and length of branches. Of these, the diameter of the trunk, the number and length of branches are the defining characteristics of seedlings capable to harvest in the first year after planting. The diameter of the stock has the biggest influence on a number of branches (46,0 %) and their length (46,2 %) the lesser influence it has on diameter of the trunk (37,6 %), the height of the trunk (29,5 %) and the height of the seedling (29,2 %). Based on these results, a parametric model of quality improvement of dwarf fruit seedlings on the rootstocks of "super-standard" category is elaborated. This model is the discriminant function.

Annotation

The main objective of the conducted research � the identification of the impact of fruit plantation�s construction on apple photosynthetic activity and productivity by using the physiological and biochemical, anatomical and morphological indices of foliages. With increasing of trees density in the garden the photosynthesis productivity decreases and the process of flower bud�s formation restrains. The features of the photosynthetic activity of Zarnitsa, Dean Art, Idared, Simirenkovets apple varieties on the SC3 stocks with various planting construction of intensive type is studied. The researches were conducted on the basis of fruit plantations of Institute�s experimental farm with using of standard methods of research. Based on the study of the complex of physiological and biochemical parameters of plants and anatomical and morphological traits of the leaf the optimum construction of plantings of intensive type for studied apple-tree varieties are established. The construction of fruit plantations with planting scheme 4 x 1.2 with spindle forming of crown has a higher efficiency of the photosynthetic activity and productivity. Selecting of the optimal system forming in the orchard with dense placement of apple trees allows to increase the fruits yield of Simirenkovets variety on 46.8% and Dean Art variety � on 67.3%.

Annotation

The maintenance of colloid substances, pepetide, polysugar, fibers and other characteristic substances of biological objects usually complicates the analytical definition micro- and macroelements, phosphorus, nitrogen. It is established that there are obvious problems during of curse of long preparation of biological tests for the analysis at the expense of summation of errors at a stage of sample�s preparation. The operating methods for samples preparation of biological raw materials for analytical research are discussed. The new methodical decisions for preparation of plant samples for determination of alkaline kations, earth alkaline metals and some heavy metals are offered. The possibilities and the conditions of application of various modes of microwave processing for extraction of mobile and general forms of kations and anions are considered. The various conditions of carrying out of oxidizing preparation of staples of vegetative raw materials for the subsequent definition of the general phosphorus and nitrogen are approved. The ways of biological samples preparation for definition of volatile components by a method of a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are shown. The optimal conditions for samples preparation for definition of components with high temperatures of boiling are revealed. The main attention is paid to increase of accuracy and objectivity of measurements at the expense of improvement of methods of preparation of sample of a biological origin and observance of conditions of ecological safety at carrying out of analytical works.

Annotation

The results of researches of influence of orchards microclimate conditions on productivity of an apple-tree varieties of various ecological and geographical origin are given. The dynamics of daily lighting in the period of active growth and development of an apple-trees on CK3 rootstock in the intensive plantings during 2011-2013 years are researched. The features of microclimatic changes in the plantings with various density of landing during the summer period of vegetation, without rainfall and at low air humidity, increased daytime temperatures and high intensity of air movement are studied. It is defined that in the denser plantings the microclimate is more stable. At the plants placement over 4000 pieces/hectare the increase of critical temperatures is slow down, the period of their impact on a plant is shorten, the accelerated falling of absolute temperatures at the second half of light day is observed.

Annotation

It is shown that the system of machines, applied now, on many positions doesnt coincide with a demanded complex of machines for the long-term fruit plantings and vinegrapes, especially with a perspective system of machines. The many factors influence on the state, level and prospect of mechanization development of fruit growing and wine growing: land relief, size of plantings, schemes of plants landings. The characteristics of modern and perspective machines for cultivation and harvesting of long-term plantings (fruits and grapes) are submitted on the results of studying of technological prosess of machine working. The defects of operating system of machines � the lack of the domestic machines for landing and cutting, beveling, defoliation, etc. of perennial plants, are noted. Existing power means dont meet the modern requirements of perspective production technologies of fruits and grapes, and the requirements for energy saving and ecology. There is a conclusion that it is necessary to develop the domestic machines for mechanization of the most labor-intensive processes of landing, cutting, defoliation of plants, and beveling of herbs in the row-spacings. So it is necessary to introduce more in the production the limit applied diskators of type BDM-25x2 and reconstructed OP-2000 sprayers, with prospect of their replacement of more perfect types, for example "NARDI" (Denmark). The addresses of producers and dealers of mechanization means are given in the article.

Annotation

Now in the international practice for research of internal structures of plant organisms the various methods of introscopic researches are used. The micro focal X-ray analysis is the most objective, exact and fast method of registration of the latent defects. During carrying out the researches the techniques of determination of quality of accretion of the grafted grapes seedling, damage rates of material by a vascular necrosis and the methods of evaluation of grapes seed quality were developed and approved. Experimental studies showed that receiving of sharp and contrast pictures is provided by the following operating modes of the equipment: voltage is 30 kV, current of a tube is 150 ���, an exposition is 0,3 sec. The specified parameters of shooting allowed to judge with the most accuracy the size, form and density of details of making object. The developed by us the radiographic method of an assessment of grapes buds safety allows, without destroying of research object, to visualize all its internal form-building structures, and, therefore, and their dense, volume and linear anomalies, and this method allows to diagnose the existence or lack of bud�s injury.

Annotation

When the intensive fruit orchards technology with dense placing of trees is working out the great important has the increasing of coefficient of use of solar radiation by plants, the same as the complex of agritechnical steps. Under conditions of dense garden as compared with rare field placement the apple-trees take less light. We studied the light regime of crones of Goldrush apple-trees at the different orchard constructions. The researches are made in accordance with well-known methods for fruit cultures. It is established that the light regime at the studied construction of Goldrush apple-trees orchards is not the limiting factor for fruit yield formation but the most important factor is used rootstock-varieties combinations. The bigger fruit yield capacity from hectare and total yield capacity of fruiting period is observed in the apple-trees orchards on the half dwarf M7 rootstock and on the middle growing MM106 rootstock on third year of trees fructification.

Annotation

Means of an agritechnology through the structure of planting and architecture of grapes bushes it is possible to reach the maximum ensuring of plants productivity depending on a complex of natural conditions: ensuring of the photosynthetic active radiation (FAR), water, mineral food etc. It is possible to make it by means of active optimization of process of a crop formation when all agric means are submitted to the main purpose � use of FAR energy with the highest efficiency. The information about parameters of crown and efficiency of physiological indicators of grapes bush is presented in the article. The assessment of realization of potential of efficiency of used Aligote, Aligote-clone and Paponovsky grapes under the influence of technology�s elements is served as the object of research. Parameters of a bush crowns and absorption of FAR energy and their use on creation of organic production were studied. The standard techniques in the wine growing are used for determining of physiological indicators of productivity. In the course of research and analysis of photosynthetic activity of grapes plants the search of communications of parameters of bush crowns with the level of planned harvest is conducted.

Annotation

The method of diagnostics of the cations maintenance in the tissues and bodies of fruit crops with use of system of a capillary electrophoresis is described in the article. The stated sequence of analysis stages leans methodically on known physiological and agrichemical methods of an express assessment of functional plant�s condition. The modes of sample�s preparation and the analysis of extracts are based on original techniques of an electrophoresis method of research of vegetative plant�s bodies. Optimum terms of samples selection and carrying out of analysis are indicated. The terms of samples selection are dated for vegetation phases. The method allows to estimate the level of activity of exchange processes of an apple-tree with fertilizers use. The results of diagnose of ensuring of weak growing fructifying apple-tree by mobile forms of the basic mineral elements, including application of the organic and mineral non-chlorine fertilizers of the prolonged action are given at the field stationary experiments. It is established that with application of the organic and mineral feeding the maintenance of mobile forms of potassium is on 2,3-22,5% higher, than on control (without fertilizers). The increase of maintenance of calcium mineral forms on 48,2% at application of fertilizers is noted in June, during period of summer recession of activity of apple-tree�s growth processes. The feeding by organic and mineral fertilizers promoted the increase in the maintenance of mobile forms of magnesium from 5,7 to 22,5% in the apple-tree leaves on various phases of plant�s development.

Annotation

Optimization of grapes feeding is the one of the effective elements of the technology, keeping and raising the soils fertility, plantings efficiency and resistance to adverse factors of the environment. Efficiency of plants mineral feeding increases with introduction of scientifically reasonable norms of fertilizers. The work purpose � studying of soil and agribiological factors of effective fertilizers use on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. As objects of researches, the technical and universal grades of grapes are taken. Accounts and observations were made on agribiological and agrichemical indicators. As a result of researches the reaction of the main standard grapes varieties to change of foods conditions in dependence on the level of their productivity is established. The scientific basis of fertilizers use at a vineyards landing on the soils of different fertility and a water content are developed. The regularities of change of grapes quality and products of its processing in dependence on fertilizers, ways of the maintenance of soils and norms of bushes loading by a crop are revealed. The settlement method of determination of a grapes crops quality and efficiency of fertilizers depending on temperature conditions during blossoming is offered. Data of the forecast are used when the measures of quality management of raw materials in the adverse years are developing.

Annotation

Food elements, including micro elements, play an important role in the life of grapes plants and they are an effective means of increasing of orchard yield and berrys quality. Industrial enterprises produce the new fertilizers that contain, besides the main nutrients, the complex of micro elements, that is necessary for the normal development of grapes plants. The novelty of our conducted research is to obtain the new data about regularity of not-root feedings impact on the quality and indexes of safety of wines from grapes grown in the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region. The purpose of work was to reveal the impact of not-root feeding on the wine quality from Krasnostop Anapa grapes using the known methods of evaluation and also the techniques developed in the Research Center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The results of studying of the effect of four preparations of foliar activity on yield and quality characteristics of Krasnostop Anapa grapes are presented in the article. The grapes yield in years of research on the drug-treated Potassium Humate variant is higher than ones on the other fertilizers processed variants, an increase is ranging from 30 to 44 c/hectare. A positive effect of foliar fertilizers on the sugar content in the berry juice is revealed. The influence of these preparations on the quality of special wine is researched. During the years of research the grapes treatment of Nutrivant preparation was better others preparations.

Annotation

Adaptation of revitalized plants in vitro to conditions of an open ground is the final stage of technology of their receiving and the initial stage of basic nursery�s foundation of intensive type. Improvement of feeding regime of basic plants of grapes has a special interest at a lack of nutritious elements on the sandy soils. Foliar feeding is often used as an urgent method for fast elimination of lack symptoms of individual nutrition elements in the plants. The aim was to study the influence of preparations of new generation as a part of not root feeding on development and formation of grapes plants in the first two years under the conditions of sandy soils of a basic nursery. It is established that the foliar plant feeding by a complex of mineral nutritious salts, in combination with preparations of new generation, in the conditions of sandy soils improved the growth and development of grapes plants. Introduction in the structure of fertilizers of immune modulate preparations promoted the qualitative reorganization of morphological indicators of plants development. For bigger efficiency under the conditions of the sandy soil it is recommended to apply the foliar feeding by complex fertilizers together with such preparations, as Zircon � 0,1-0,2 ml/l; Epin � 0,4 ml/l; Lignogumat Potash � 0,3 g/l.

Annotation

The effect of compaction of profile of brown forest soil on the orchards condition and the yield of apple varieties � Idared, Renet Simirenko and Florina on the MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of foothills of the Krasnodar Territory is established. The existence of compacted layers in the profile of brown forest soil at a depth of 60-160 cm inhibits the growth of apple roots and their moving in the underlying soil layers. Reduction of plant nutritions area leads to decreasing of the growth processes and apple-trees productivity. It is established that the size of the annual growth shoots of trees with signs of oppression, depending on the variety, was 10-30% less, than on a control variant. The crop of fruits of oppressed trees was 50-70% less, than a crop of trees under a satisfactory conditions. The actual shortage of a crop of oppressed apple-trees over 3 years of research formed from 13,4 t/hectare (Renet Simirenko variety) to 24,3 t/hectare (Florina variety).