Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
Allelic polymorphism of two apple-tree Md-EXP7 and Md-PG1 genes affected the density and the texture of fruits pulp of 21 modern and autochthonic (national breeding) apple-tree varieties of the Crimean are studied. The microsatellite markers to the specified genes, marked by fluorescent colers are used in the work. As result on a gene of Md-EXP7 9 heterozygotic samples (allelic combinations 198:202; 202:206; 202:214) and 11 homozygotic samples (alleles 200:200 and 202:202) are revealed. On a locus of Md-PG1 gene 14 homozygotic samples with an allelic combination 298:298 and 7 heterozygotic samples (alleles 288:298 and 291:298) are identified. It is known when the microsatellite repetition of Md-EXP7 marker is shorter, the fruit pulp is more dense: were Sinap white, Sinap Sudaksky, Amulet, Balaklavskoye and Tatar winter were the most valuable genotypes. On Md-PG1 marker the most valuable were the Amulet, Balaklavskoye, Demir Alma, Kandil Sinap, Salgirskoye and Sinap white with an allelic set 288:298, and also the Rumyanka Crimean and Tatarskoye winter with an allelic set 291:298. The consideration of results of the analysis of allelic polymorphism and combinations of alleles of Md-EXP7 gene of autochthonic Crimea varieties showed that 9 from 11 of national breeding varieties have the alleles of 198, 200 or 202 defining the high (198) or the average level of density (200 and 202). On the basis of its data it is possible to assume the existence of purposeful selection of an apple-tree forms by sign "quality of fruits" in the course of national breeding of an apple-tree in the region of studied varieties origin.
The high productivity and quality of a crop are the main priority objectives in the grapes breeding. The selection of donors and sources with positive qualities among varieties, collected in one agric-ecological zone and on one plot, significantly facilitates this task. Ampelografic collections have considerable impact on formation and enrichment of industrial assortment in the areas of the developed wine growing and wine-making, therefore the research work on an ampelografic and the varieties description are important and actual. We selected five technical grapes varieties which show the high productivity and quality of a crop during several years. Their frost resistance in 2006 and 2012 and the high crop capacity in 2006-2011 and 2013 put them in a row of the perspective varieties. Ariatika grapes has the average term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -21C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average. Productivity is high. The Vaznisubishavi grapes has the average term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25C , for the winter it doesn't take a cover. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average, the productivity is high. Stepnyak grapes has middle early term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -25C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Bakator white has the early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25 C. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Cosmopolita grapes has a very early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -20C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. The grapes varieties selected in a collection can be recommended as donors and sources of useful traits.
Breeding and production of planting material
One of means of an intensification of production of fruit crops and grapes landing material is induction of growth correction effects by bioeffective preparations the growth regulators of plants. The objects of study of influence of bioeffective preparations on the plants growth processes were the shanks of table grapes varieties of Victoria and Kishmish Luchisty and also the apple-tree dwarf rootstock of Arm 18 and a semi-dwarf rootstock of MM106. As regulators of plants growth the preparations AES-17, KN-2, DEB-41 in a dose of 50 mg/l were tested. This is the regulators of new generation synthesized at the Institute of Chemical Sciences named A.B. Bekturov (Kazakhstan). As a result of the carried out research the high efficiency of application of all testing in the experiences stimulators of root formation on studied grapes varieties is established. The greatest efficiency was shown by the AES-17 and KN-2 preparations. The positive influence of physiologically active agents on formation of roots with diameter more than 2 mm is observed at both grapes varieties in all options of experience with use of plants growth regulators. The greatest number of these roots are observed in case of use of the KN-2 preparation. The use of plants growth regulators also promoted the increase in quantity of an apple-tree standard saplings in comparison with control. The quantity of saplings on the plots with processing of plants growth regulators is increased by 10,6-11,5% in relation to control. The carried-out economic analysis showed the high efficiency of new biologically active growth regulators. The use of growth regulators in the nursery positively influences on the economic indicators. Net income on the revealed in the experience options was 428 350-819 000 tenges/hectare.
The improvement of ways of the accelerated gooseberry reproduction is one of important problems of modern nursery planting. For increase of nursery production tne regulators of growth and organic-mineral fertilizers are used, they influence on the intensity and direction of processes of plants activity and reveal the genotype opportunities. Therefore is the selection of the most effective regulators of growth and the organic-mineral fertilizers with a wide, spectrum of activity affecting the efficiency of a gooseberry production and the quality of horizontal layers is an actual research problem. The field and genetic-statistical methods are used in the woork. There were 5 of a gooseberry varieties in a study. It is researched the nfluence of growth regulators of Zircon and Ribav-extra and the complex fertilizer of Nutrivant plus and organic-mineral fertilizer of Aminokat on efficiency of gooseberry reproduction in the by means of horizontal layers. The four options of preparation introduction of various concentrations are included in the scheme of experience. The data of the carried-out three-factorial dispersive analysis accurately proved the influence of the studied preparations on the quantity and total length of plants roots. The powerful contribution to variability of "conditions of year and a genotype of variety" on a shoot growth is noted. The considerable influence of "year and a genotype of variety" on diameter of plants trunks is revealed. The statistical analysis revealed a considerable specific responsiveness of gooseberry genotypes to the preparations used in the experience. It is proved that the preparation of Ribav Extra is the most effective for Yubileyny gooseberry, for Chernoslivovy and Rodnik gooseberry is Zircon, for Krasnoslavyansky gooseberry is Nutrivant plus + Aminokat. It is shown that the studied preparations did not have a statistically significant impact on a Malakhit gooseberry.
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.
The research is carried out in the Riesling vineyard under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture (Anapa). In is known that the technical Riesling grapes has a high productivity of shoots. Also we know, that there is a close relationship of formation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of grapes varieties from the genetic characteristics, hormonal plants status, balance of nutrition and weather-conditions. The task of the research was to identify the effect of air temperature and density of bushes planting on laying of generative organs in the buds of Riesling grapes. It is shown that under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of the Southern Russia viticulture the formation of rudimentary inflorescence occurs sequentially. Monitoring of grapes plants development shows that the first inflorescence was formed completely to July 1, the second inflorescence - to 22 of July. The period from the appearance of generative hillock to the formation of the first inflorescence was 25 days. On the differentiated inflorescences the coefficient of fruiting in the middle of July (K1) was the largest (> 1.0) in the area of 4-6 buds. In subsequent periods (22.07 and 05.08) a zone of differentiated inflorescences with a coefficient of fruitage > 1 has expanded from 2 to 7 buds. It was found that more intensively the differentiation of embryonic inflorescences takes a place in the rare planting of vineyards (3,5 × 2,0 m), compared with a tight planting (2,5 × 1 m). The more intensive differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of Riesling grapes is noted in a zone 2-7 buds. This fact must be taken into account when the calculating of the vines load and the execute of pruning are needed.
Mineral nutrition of plants
Local use of mineral fertilizers with a fertigation of fruit plantings leads to essential change of agrichemical soil properties and formation in the soil of the centers of increased nutrients concentration. Therefore when we calculate the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agrichemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction. The purpose of research is to determine the change conformity to natural low of levels of an apple-tree providing with available nutrient elements in a zone of mineral fertilizers localization during a small-volume irrigation. The research were carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region. The experience was started in the industrial apple-tree plantings on a dwarf M9 rootstock. The various norms of mineral fertilizers were introduced on the plots: fertigation norm of N30P4K20; fertigation norm of N45P6K30; fertigation norm of N60P8K40. It is found that increasing in norm of mineral fertilizers introduction led to increase in nutrient concentration in a zone of mineral fertilizer localization. It is determined that the local introduction of mineral fertilizers during fertigation on the plots with the increased background nutrient providing is irrationally. The optimization of conditions of the water and food modes during fertigation on the experimental plots promoted the increase in productivity of Champion apple-tree on 4,8-11,0 t/hectare and Prikubanskoye apple-trees - on 4,2-4,9 t/hectare. The conclusion follows that it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agric and chemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction when we calculate of the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers. It will allow to correct the doses of their introduction taking into account the level of the soil providing of nutrient elements and will decrease in the environmental load.
The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.
The role of chemical diagnostics of plants nutrition increases in connection with expansion of the range of the special complex mineral fertilizers used for foliar application. This fact assumes a continuation of system research in the field of identification of optimal parameters of the elements maintenance in the indicator plants organs in interrelation with productivity. We carried out the research directed on identification of dynamics and parameters of macro- and microelements content in the leaves of fruit-bearing apple-tree depending on a stage of individual plants development and constructional features of an agric cenosis. The object of research are an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye and Rennet Simirenko on M9 and CK4 rootstocks, with the different scheme of trees placement. Study of dynamics of an apple-tree nutritious mode was carried out using the standard techniques. The maintenance of microelements was determined using the nuclear and emission Optima 2100 DV spectrophotometer. It is established that for an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage the dynamics of the basic mineral elements maintenance is characterized by decrease in the indexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) and reduction of their values range. During the second half of vegetation, when trees placement is more dense in a garden (4,5 x 0,9 m), the higher content of calcium, iron, manganese in the leaves was observed. For an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage, when trees food area reduces from 10 sq.m to 7,5 sq.m the high content in the leaves of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is observed. The received experimental material will become a basis for establishment of interrelations in a system "soil perennial plant", and also for development of the differentiated system of an apple-tree fertilizer.
Quality Management
In the text of article it is noted that now in the Russian Federation there is a deficit of domestic wine materials for production of champagnes and sparkling wines. The research that carried out at "Magarach" Institute showed that for expansion of raw material base for production of sparkling wines it is possible to use the new grapes varieties with increase resistance to diseases and higher frost resistance. For definition of possibility of use of new grapes varieties for production of pink and red sparkling wines we studied the introduced red grapes varieties growing on the experimental plots. As control the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes was taken. The physical and chemical composition of grapes and a must is determined by the standard methods and methods of analysis accepted in wine-making. Data processing was carried out by means of mathematical statistics methods. The physical and chemical indicators of introduced from France and Italy grapes varieties (Malbek, Marselan, Sira, Barbera, Pti Verdo, Arinarnoa) are researched for definition of their possible use in the production of red sparkling wine materials and champagne. It is established that the studied varieties have a rather high capacity of phenolic substances. Mass concentration of sugars in a musts for the grapes growing in LLC "Legenda Kryma" is 180-215 g/dm3, titrable acids - 6,9-12,7 g/dm3, phenolic substances - 145-383 mg/dm3. The highest concentration of phenolic substances is defined in a must from Marselan grapes (383 mg/dm3) and Sira grapes (378 mg/dm3). It will allow to receive further from these grapes varieties the red wine materials with necessary contents of phenolic and color substances, regulating their accumulation by the different technological regimes.
Phenolic substances of plant origin possess a wide range of biological activity and low toxicity. These peculiariles of phenolic substances make them the high important in a food of the persons. The purpose of our research consisted in definition of the main groups of polyphenolic substances and antioxidant activity of extracts from various parts of vines. The grapes juice, the aqueous-alcoholic extracts of grapes berry skin and vine of Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon were used for analysis. For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative structure of polyphenolic substances a chromatographic method with use of the Shimadzu LC 20 Prominence chromatograph was used. The research data of qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of grapes juice and aqueous-alcoholic extracts from berries and vine of the studied varieties are presented in the article. The analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of juice, extracts of berry skin and vine of Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes varieties allowed to identify 22 and 33 phenolic components as a part of experimental samples. It is established that aqueous-alcoholic extracts of berries skin of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes possess the highest antioxidant activity in comparison with other products. Their values exceed by 3 times the level of the specified indicators of Rkatsiteli grapes. The high values of antioxidant activity are established as well as in the extracts of vine of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, exceeding a similar indicator of Rkatsiteli grapes by 6,7 times. It is shown that aqueous-alcoholic extract of berry skin of Cabernet Sauvignon possesses by a high technological reserve of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity and it determines the expediency of its use for increase of biological value of products.
The Russian winemaking significantly depends from availability of import wine materials. Deficiency of grapes raw materials can be reduced by increase in production of high-quality fruit wine drinks from the wild growing fruits and berries with biologically active substances in these composition. The lack of the competition in the market of wine-making production of wild-growing plants is the basis for production of qualitative fruit wine drinks. In our research we carried out an assessment of quality of new wine drinks like "Buket Primoria" port from the aktinidiya of Argut (Actinidia arguta) growing in the forests in the South of Primorskiy area of the Far East Region. For alcolization of wine materials the extract of a dogrose of wrinkled (Rosa rugosa) with a volume fraction of 75% ethyl alcohol is used. The composition of new wine drinks from an aktinidiya is presented in the article. Organoleptic, physical and chemical, biochemical indicators of ready products and the indicators of safety are determined using the standard methods in the wine-making and also spectrofotometric methods, a capillary electrophoresis, a gas chromatography. It is shown that the new wine drinks from fruits and berries of wild-growing plants meet the requirements of GOST 31729-2012, they contain the natural bioflavonoids and mineral substances more than the grapes wines. It is established that mass concentration of toxic elements in the new products doesn't exceed the admissible values. The organoleptic characteristics of new wine drinks are submitted. The conclusion is made about possibility of receiving of qualitative wine drinks like port from Far East wild-growing fruits and berries. It is shown that the prepared wine drinks like "Buket Primoria" port have a high level of biologically valuable components and original taste.
Decorative shapes of garden rocks and grapes in the landscape construction
The work purpose is integration of new knowledge about biological features and form diversity of the decorative introduced plants on the example of a Hibiscus Syrian; the development of the agric and technological documentation accompany to the project of a modern small garden with a prevalence of an esthetic component. The novelty of this work is based by the main methodological principle of interdisciplinary approach to the purpose achievement. The article presents the results of complex research of the economic and biological potential of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian; agric-technical recommendations for care of plants; the design concept of the landscape project creation of a small garden with use of Hibiscus Syrian varieties, steady against abiotic factors of the region. The developed elements of plants care as a result complex of research are based on the revealed phenology features of introduced varieties, intensity of growth processes, resistance to diseases and requirements to the level of soil fertility. The study of parametrical characteristics of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian, their decorative traits and economic and biological potential allowed to develop the design concept of the project of a regular garden. The strengthening of a garden esthetic component was provided by accent elements of landscape composition with use of Woodbridge (cv. Woodbrige), Karneus Plenus (cv. Carneus Plenus), Red Hart (cv. Red Heart) varieties and by decorative plants groups with flowers of contrast color and blossoming terms of Duc de Brabant (cv. Duc de Brabant), Rachn Violette (cv. Russian Violet), Spetsiozus (cv. Speciosus). The integrated approach to the decision and an embodiment of a problem of creation of the modern individual project of a small garden provided the expansion of a utilitarian component which is estimated by profitability and functionality of object due to resistance of the used plants to abiotic factors and their durability.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
In the market economy conditions the program and intention methods are one of important elements of the projected development, way of regulation of macro- and microeconomic processes, as the direction of opportunity's improvement in the expansion of agric-industrial complex capacity. The purpose of the presented work consists in development of methodical positions and practical basis of the program of agric-industrial complex development of the Republic of Abkhazia on the example of a fruit and grapes subcomplex, taking into account the specific features of modern conditions of economics. Market formation of horticultural economics of the Republic and its development includes a complex of the questions and demands to produce the decisions, in particular in the traditional directions - as economy sectors which have to be based on the development of program actions and their purposeful introduction. Development and implementation of "Program measures" are directed on the gradual restoration of infrastructure of the Republic and on the solution of problems of viticulture and vine-making branch and effective production of fruit crops. In this article the productive and economic characteristic of industrial fruit growing and viticulture in the Abkhazia Republic is given. The necessity of application of program and intention approach as a way of increase of effective management of development of viticulture s and fruit growing branches is based. The necessary economic conditions of branches stable development are defined. The social and economic assessment of efficiency of the program realization of these branches development is given. It is shown that realization of "Program measures" will form a basis of further development of Republic production infrastructure and promote to revival of its agric-industrial complex and expansion of the foreign trade positions. At the same time the Abkhazia can become one of the most important and traditional producers of environmentally friendly production of viticulture and fruit growing in the market system.
The important link in the system of effective grapes cultivation is protection of plantings against pests and diseases. For the last 15-20 years the specific composition of pests on the industrial vineyards was considerably renovated and the new types of pests continue to appear in the personal subsidiary farms since the other various crops are near vineyards. The pests of these crops can use grapes as a forage plant and to influence essentially on its quality and productivity. The purpose of our research is to develop ecologically safe system of vineyards protection against a pests complex in the personal subsidiary farms. Research are carried out in six personal subsidiary farms, on the vineyards and other horticulture crops of Krasnodar, Anapa and Crimean areas through route inspections. The biological efficiency of chemical and biological insecticides was defined. It is shown that grapes protection against pests consists the organizational and agritechnical actions and application of chemical and biological means of protection. As a result of carried out research the complex of actions for vineyards protection against pests in the personal subsidiary farms is offered. To prevent the accumulation of the wintering pests capacity the treatment by insecticides of a chemical origin (Avant 0,03%, Fufanon 0,1%, Sumi-Alfa 0,5% etc.) after harvesting, and also in the spring on the first pests generations are offered. If these recommendations are observed the vineyards on seasonal dachas and personal subsidiary farms will be optimal protected from pests and thus the accumulation of the pesticides residues in the soil and grapes plant will considerably decrease.