Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
The important part in the achievement of good results in the modern production technologies of fruits is assigned to type of rootstock. The influence of a rootstock begins with the inoculation moment in the nursery and continues during the life of a tree. This influence affects the force of growth of grafted trees, their fast productivity and quality of the received production and durability of plantings. The most effective way of decrease in force of an apple-tree growth is use of dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. The majority of requirements to rootstocks for intensive gardening were formulated by Gavreel Vladimirovich Trusevich still in the 80-th years of the last century. In the article it is noted that the special attention in the research of G.V. Trusevich's pupils and followers is given to an assessment of adaptability of apple rootstocks to abiotic stressors and their influence on productivity of scion-rootstocks combinations under the certain soil and climatic conditions. The research conclusions formed the basis for zoning of apple-tree rootstocks of the SK series in the North Caucasus. Now at the State register of breeding achievements there are 6 rootstocks of the SK series (North Caucasus) created by G.V. Trusevich with employees. It is shown that these rootstocks successfully compete with introduced species because in the processes of their creation and breeding the specific conditions of regional gardening are considered. The data of this article convincingly show that rootstocks of SK series positively influence on drought resistance, heat resistance and winter hardiness of the grafted apple-tree trees. These rootstocks continue to be actively demanded; they are successfully used in the new intensive technologies of cultivation of apple-tree industrial plantings and substantially define their high efficiency.
The results of the two stage study of apple-tree rootstocks on the irrigated plot of "Caspian scientific research institute of arid agriculture" are presented in the article. The purpose of the presented research consisted in the study and selection of apple-tree rootstocks with higher adaptative potential to arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. As a result of study the high-adapted middle grown rootstocks 54-118 and 57-545 are selected and also semi-dwarfish rootstocks of 62-396, SK2, SK5 and dwarfish rootstocks of P60, CK3, CK4 characterized by high frost resistance of root system and drought resistance, good survival and compatibility with various apple-tree varieties. Over years of research the survival of rootstocks in the apple-tree collection nursery was good and averaged 87,8 %. Layers of an apple-tree of M9, M26, M4 and CK5 have had an absolute survival. The most powerful development and high number of standard rootstocks have P59 and P60 dwarf rootstocks, semi-dwarf rootstocks of 62-396 and SK2 and middle dwarf rootstocks of 54-118 and 57-545. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region the high survival of the leading zoned apple-tree varieties on the studied vegetative reproduced rootstocks (79-100 %) is established. The apple rootstocks of 62-396, SK3, R60, SK2, SK5, M9 had a rather good safety of survival buds (82-90%). Their safety was high at the middle grown rootstocks of 54-118, 57-545 (94,4-100%). The high quantity of saplings have had the combinations of apple varieties with rootstocks of P60, P59, 62-396, 54-118, CK2, CK3, CK7 (75-100%), low sapling quantity have had a superdwarf PB-4 rootstocks (59%), and also a dwarfish rootstock of P16 (60,5%).
In the southern zone of fruit growing in recent years among the stone fruit crops one of the leading places is occupied by sweet cherry. However the variety structure of sweet cherry industrial plantings often doesn't correspond to scientific recommendations. The analysis of industrial assortment in the gardens of the region showed that 40% is a share of the zoned varieties, 60% is a share of the varieties which didn't pass variety's study in a cultivation zone. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety study of sweet cherry crop in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in this article. The priority directions of breeding research are shown, basic directions of which are: breeding on winter hardiness, resistance to the main fungal diseases, biological efficiency, early and late terms of maturing, improvement of quality and commodity of fruits. Value of initial forms at various stages of creation of new varieties is established. By results of research the donors and the sources of valuable traits which are recommended for use in various breeding programs directed on improvement of varieties are selected. Also the perspective varieties of sweet cherry for industrial production of fruits under the conditions of the South of Russia for intensive technologies of cultivation are recommended. As a result of breeding work with use of a wide diversity of genetic traits in the collection of NCRRIH&V the new varieties allowed to create the conveyor of receiving of high-quality fruits of sweet cherry in the southern zone of gardening within 1,5 months (May-June) were created, 8 varieties from which pass the State test, 12 varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements in a zone of the North Caucasus.
The aim of the present work was the DNA fingerprinting of a number of promising grapevine cultivars of NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding, based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. The results of the study can be used for identifying of the studied cultivars and for control purebred of parent vines plantations and planting material of domestic cultivars. Domestic breeding cultivars, promising to improve the industrial assortment of grapes in the Southern Russia were studied on the molecular genetic level. The article presents the results of a DNA-fingerprinting of six domestic cultivars of grapes: Barchatny, Vladimir, Dmitry, Dostoyny, Kurchanskiy, Krasnostop AZOS. Analysis of cultivars genotypes carried out on the mixture of DNA samples of 7-10 typical plants of each cultivar. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci MD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79, these markers are recommended as the basic ones for Vitis vinifera L. genotyping. Microsatellites (SSR-simple sequence repeats) - tandem repeats of simple sequences in the DNA structure are the most often used as DNA markers for studying of the grapes genotypes. The main method used in the work - polymerase chain reaction with the separation of the reaction products using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The DNA of Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon were used as the control, allelic compositions of studied SSR-loci are known for these cultivars. Cultivars genotypes showed the different alleles combinations on studied loci. Thus, the minimum recommended set of microsatellite markers is sufficient to differentiate of studied genotypes. The article also provides a brief description of the studied cultivars and their main distinguishing positive agric and biological characteristics.
Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov had been paid much attention to study of climatic requirements of varieties of cultivated plants. The global warming of climate which has began in the 70th of the XX century caused the change of bioclimatic capacity of regions. Trends of agric and climatic characteristics are local and various in the different regions of country. The references unanimously recognize the temperature factor as the most important factor of regulation of grapes phenology. A research objective is to carry out the regression analysis of dates of the beginning of phenophases of grapes varieties and their duration under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region. The research were conducted on ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko. Long-term data (1981-2014) of phenological observation over 71 grapes varieties are analyzed. Duration of period from the beginning of bud break to the beginning of plants flowering completely depends on conditions of year; coefficient of correlation of duration of this period with average temperature - r=-0,91. Duration of period after flowering substantially depends on a variety. Phases of the bud break, flowering and maturing of berries of different varieties are beginning under conditions of Nizhny Don Region at the temperatures of 11-16º, 20-24º, 22-27º respectively; the full maturity of berries is reached at temperatures of 26-15º. Start date of bud break is strongly correlated with a date of transition of temperatures above 10º, start date of blossoming is correlated with temperatures higher 20º. The beginning of maturing and a full maturity of grapes berries pass practically through the constant for every variety number of days after the beginning of blossoming. These processes are being accelerated by temperatures above 20º for early varieties and above 25º - for later varieties.
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
About 63% of the phenolic components containing in the berry passes into wine during wine processing that considerably provides the antioxidant activity of grapes wines. This fact causes the interest of researchers in a phenolic complex of grapes and products of its processing as to the agent that is slowing down free radical processes and providing, in this regard, the improvement of quality and the biological value of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical production. The quantitative contents and qualitative structure of wine phenolic complex depend on grapes varieties and a zone of its growing and extent of transformation of components in the technological process. In this regard the analysis of a complex of phenolic antioxidants of the table wine materials received from grapes of different varieties and regions of cultivation is submitted actual. In this publication the comparative analysis of qualitative structure and quantitative maintenance of a phenolic complex of the red table wine materials received from grapes varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Bastardo magarachskiy, Krasnostop zolotovskiy, Odesskiy cherniy, Pti Verdo, Shiraz growing in the east region of the South coastal zone of the Crimea is given. Distinctive features of a phenolic complex of the studied wine materials are revealed. It is established that the phenolic complex of red dry wine materials from the grapes cultivated in the east region of the South coastal zone of the Crimea depending on grapes variety significantly differs on a ratio flavon-3-olov and phenolic acid; on concentration of kaftaric and kautaric acids. The received results can be used when developing the technologies of productionof the new food, wine-making, cosmetic products enriched bysubstances with antioxidant activity of grapes origin.
The aim of this work was to study the changing type of titration curves of samples when receiving from a specific grapes varieties and wine mash depending on the production technology, and to compare these results with the results of the analysis by method of capillary electrophoresis and ion exchange method. We have developed the apparatus for automatic titration and structured a technique for quickly receiving and mathematic processing of product titration curves and to obtain the information about the content of sum of titrate acids. Such titration curves indirectly present the information on the overall proportion of metals cations and the ratio between various acids. The research objects are the wine materials and the worth from red grapes varieties, growing in the central zone of Krasnodar Region - Merlot, Kurchanskiy and Vladimir. In the micro vine-making shop of NCRRIH&V from experienced grapes varieties the mash have been received using the same technological scheme, excluding its the impact on the assessment of the varieties quality. The comparison of the experimental titration curves of mash from the initial grapes and received wines is carried out. It is shown that the content of titrate acids in the wine raw is higher than their content in the original material, and it increases in time when wine row is on the yeast sediment. It is established that malic-lactic acetic fermentation decreases in titrate able acidity. The salt part of the organic acids in the analyzed samples is found by titration curves. The results of the analysis were compared with data of capillary electrophoresis and they showed the high informatively of mathematical processing of the pilot data results. The results received in the research allow us to predict the final result of the analysis of grapes juice.
Quality Management
In the article it is presented the data of the analysis of the Russian cognacs composition of different categories, and the young and sustained cognac distillates with endurance term from 1 to 40 years produced on a full production cycle from own raw materials under the conditions of manufacturers of different agric and ecological zones of the CIS countries and Western Europe. It is experimentally established that in the cognac distillates which are characterized by a high level of quality; the level of concentration of ethyl acetate doesn't exceed 2000 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - more than 200 mg/dm3. For the Russian cognacs the variation range of concentration is typical for ethyl acetate - at the level of no more than 500 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - no more than 50 mg/dm3; for cognac distillates - 300-800 mg/dm3 and 10-80 mg/dm3 respectively. During the analysis of experimental data it is established that concentration of isoamyle acetate in the qualitative samples of cognac distillates - from less than 0,1 to 8,2 mg/dm3, in the Russian cognacs - from less than 0,1 to 0,8 mg/dm3. It is established that the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillates of the young and sustained, produced under in the conditions of farms manufacturers of different zones of production - from 0,2 to 29,8 mg/dm3; concentration of an ehyl caprinat - from less than 0,1 to 28,4 mg/dm3. The composition of the young distillates received under the laboratory and production conditions from yeast sediments is studied. It is shown that addition of yeast sediments in the overtaken wine material within admissible norms promotes the increase in concentration of components of "enant ether"; the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillate at the level exceeding 40 mg/dm3 can be a consequence of use of a considerable share of yeast sediments.
One of the main tasks in the field of cognac production of is increase in the level of its quality in which formation the flying components passing into cognac distillate during of process of wine materials distillation. The important role is played also the endurance components extracted from oak wood. For improvement of the monitoring system of quality of cognac production it is necessary to reveal the criteria indicators based on regularities of change of composition of cognac wine materials, cognac distillates and cognacs, depending on varieties, technology and physical and chemical factors of their production. The purpose of our work was studying of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flying and nonvolatile impurity of cognac distillates of the different years of endurance made on the Simferopol wine factory. When caring out the experimental works the standardized analysis methods with use of instrument base of Magarach Institute were applied. The results of research of flying impurity of cognac distillates of different years of endurance for the purpose of definition of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are presented in this article. As a result of the conducted research 19 flying components of cognac distillates are identified, the most part (more than 60%) from which have a high degree of reliability and take a part in the formation of qualitative characteristics of cognac distillates. The close participation of the selected flying components in a group of the distillates sustained more than 20 years is established and the ranges of their variation are also established. It is shown that the influence of flying impurity on quality of cognac distillates has changeable character and depends on the term of their endurance, mass concentration of phenolic substances and degree of their acidity.
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The intensive production of fruits, directed on obtaining of stable and high-quality crops, causes the necessity to increase the resistance of cultivars to diseases. Under the modern conditions of rapid climat change, caused by anthropogenic, including agricultural environmental contamination, the protective and adaptive characteristics of the plants are reducing, and this factor determines the need to obtain the varieties of fruit crops adapted to a wide range of changing external conditions both abiotic and biotic. The article presents the data of early apple seedling selection for resistance to the two apple-tree dominant fungal infections: to scab under artificial infestation and to powdery mildew on a natural background. The object of research is the hybrid apple seedlings resulting from deliberate crossbreeding of K15461 sample of MOSVIR collection, that is relatively steady to both pathogens, with the susceptible Fuji cultivar. In 36% of the samples a scab lesions were not identified, 39% of the seedlings are resistant to a powdery mildew, according to the two years of the evaluation. 3 seedlings showed the resistance to the two pathogens, their share is 11 %. The evaluation of the plant also on complex features "cultivation" made it possible to identify the most of them as significant for breeding. The obtained results indicate a high prospect of using of K15461, as well as hybrid plants obtained in the combination of crossing of K15461 × Fuji, as donors of resistance to scab and powdery mildew. The hybrid seedlings can be used for study directed to the identification and mapping of new genes for resistance of apple plants to these pathogens.
The purpose of the carried out research was a study of a current state of an akarofauna of herbivorous types in the agric cenosis of industrial vineyards of the Crimea (specific composition, structure of domination) taking into account the modern meteo conditions, and also the carrying out of the comparative analysis with the existing data for the previous decades. The research carried out in 2006-2014 during vegetation (from April to October) at industrial vineyards on Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat white, Aligote and other grapes varieties. Data are presented in the article that for the last 14 years on the Southern coast of the Crimea the average annual air temperature, in comparison with the last decade, increased in 1,1 C. It assumes possible the structural changes in a complex of herbivorous pincers and appearance of the new dominant types. It is shown that at industrial vineyards of the Crimea a garden web tick of Schizotetranychuspruni Oud. (Tetranychidae) is widely widespread phytophage since the end of the 90th years of last century. By results of the research conducted from 2006 to 2014 in industrial vineyards of the Southern coast of the Crimea and the South-Eastern Crimea, it is noted the appearance of new species of ticks which quickly became dominating in a akarocomplex as a result of change of meteo conditions of vegetation season. In a final part of article it is noted that the main strategy in the protection of plants, and in particular a basis for formulation of schemes of protective measures in the industrial vineyards, should be a phytosanitary monitoring of concrete agric cenosis. It is especially important under the conditions of extreme changes of meteorological indicators and potential appearance of new dominant pests.
Manage environmental and food safety
Taking into account that the fruits of the wild crops are eaten by wild animals and birds, and also used by man for food and technical needs, their studying under the conditions of technogenic landscapes is an actual task. Quality of fruits, their nutrition and medical value are caused by places of their growth. The purpose of research is a study of biological features of growth and development of wild fruits crops under the agroclimatic conditions of a technogenic landscape of Kabardino-Balkaria. It is established that for each zone the structure of wild-growing fruit plants is characterized, and with increase of altitude above sea the level of their productivity considerably decreases. The best indicators of growth at the majority of wild-growing fruit plants are noted in a foothill zone, at the altitude of 500-550 meters above sea level. As a result of inspection and definition of processes of natural overgrowing 14 types of the wild-growing fruit crops cultivated on the technogenic lands of KBR are revealed. The best indicators are noted at a sea-buckthorn, a dogrose and a sloe. These species of plants well tolerate to a lack of moisture, they are frost-resistant and not exacting to soil fertility. They have the highest total score of suitability for biological recultivation of technogenic landscapes. It is shown that in the process of root development of the quality of soil has a big importance. On the light soil the ability of plants to form the roots is better, than on the heavy soil. Wild-growing fruit plants prefer the slopes of northern and east expositions. In comparison with the western and southern expositions these distinctions reach 293,5 %. It is concluded that at the process of creation of protective plantings on the technogenic lands it is necessary to approach individually not only to species of plants, but also to each concrete plots of a technogenic landscape.
The grapes plant actively reacts to change of environment that has impact on composition of grapes mash and wine. Therefore the questions of improvement of quality and safety of the produced wines is in the center of attention of specialists of wine-making branch of Russia. The number of components, which are controlled at international food trade, has included eight chemical elements as a mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, iron, strontium. Heavy metals are capable to assimilate in plant and animal tissues, the increase in their contents causes the toxic effect and poses the threat for health. Environmentally friendly technologies are directed on removal from wine materials and wines of metals excess for their stabilization to muddy. Use of food fibers (beet, rice, pectinaceous) is the one of the major tendencies. In this regard the work purpose is an assessment of expediency of use of beet fiber for removal of toxic connections. The object of research is the wine material containing the toxic compounds, and also the clarified and not clarified beet food fiber. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the beet fiber considerably reduces the concentration of lead and cadmium. In the studied samples the content of copper decreased slightly. Concentration of mercury and arsenic remained invariable. The conclusion follows that the use of the clarified and not clarified beet fiber promotes the decrease in concentration of such toxic connections, as lead, cadmium and copper. Thus, a beet food fiber can be recommended for use in wine-making to produce of safe production.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
Krasnodar Region is one of the largest suppliers of fresh strawberry berries to the industrial regions of the country. Fruits of strawberry are the most valuable raw materials for the food and confectionery industry. However, almost no day-neutral strawberry varieties of intensive type for the southern zone, particularly for the Krasnodar Region, which combine the complex resistance to drought and high temperatures in a summer and high stable yield with good fruit flavor and transportability. Today, the best of the domestic varieties of day-neutral strawberry have not the promising complex of agronomic valuable traits: the level of productivity more than 15 t / ha, diameter of berries of 25-35 mm, the minimum allowable limit of productivity of 600 g / bush, bright red color of berries with capacity for storage. On the basis of the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station (Krymsk of Krasnodar Region) the evaluation of productivity of day-neutral varieties is carried out: Aromas, Elizaveta 2, Irma, Louise, Seascape, Thelma, Evie-2. It is found during study that these varieties at positive temperatures in the range +12 ÷ + 33 C, regardless of the length of the day, may yield the first berries within the first two months after their landing on a constant place. Day-neutral varieties may exceed the yield of short-day varieties due to the ability to form a large number of stems and fruiting in a long time period - from the middle of May until the first frost. It is established, that on productivity all stadied day-neutral strawberry varieties may be suitable for cultivation in the commercial plantations, as the most optimal varieties for the intensive plantations in the South of Russia can be recommended for a wide production testing the varieties of neutral day: Irma, Evie-2 Aromas.
The task of our research was to obtain the large-fruit plum-shape hybrid of tomato with the complex of commercially valuable characteristics and the study of confumity of heredity of plum-shape form of fruits, and also the revealing of the optimal kinds of parent couples. For obtaining the large-fruit tomato hybrids with plum-shape fruit 10 lines of tomatoes, were divided in two groups according to the fruit form. The first group contains 6 lines with round fruit and middle or large fruit size. The second group contains 4 lines with plum-shape, long-plum shape and cylindrical shape of the fruit. As a result of crossings the F1 tomato hybrids in 48 straight and inversed combinations were obtained. The comparison of the results of straight and inversed crossings showed no statistically significant difference in the fruit form index. The middle dependence of the fruit form index from the parent lines change was revealed (the correlation coefficient was r = 0,680,05). The most stability in form of fruits showed the round-shape combinations, the plum-shape combinations showed lower stability. The correlation between the middle fruit weight and the fruit form index were shown. In the first crop rotation its coefficient was r=-0,63 and for the second rotation the coefficient was r=-0,56. On the basis of results of experience two hybrids were transferred to a production variety testing, following results of which the hybrid k-505 has brought in the State Register under the name "T-34". The important feature of this hybrid: all tomato fruits in a brush have the almost identical size. This hybrid is highly productive, with long productivity and it is steady against biotic factors of the environment.