Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
It is given the integrated assessment under the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania of the main agric and biological characteristics and economic efficiency of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, the most from which are created in NCRRIH&V together with State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. The research were carried out according to the standard programs and techniques of breeding and variety's studing. The most fast maturing apple-tree varieties of Feya and Talisman which started the fructification for 1-2 year after landing are selected. The high productivity is noted for Carmen, Rassvet, Talisman, Vasilisa and Granatovoe (31,0-38,5 t/hectare). The high yield of standard fruits (to 80-85%) is noted for Feya, Carmen, Orpheus and Granatovoe. The indicators of economic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties are calculated. The most perspective apple varieties for industrial cultivation are selected: Rassvet, Carmen, Granatovoe. High level of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are caused by an optimal combination of immunity to a scab with a complex of the main economic signs: fast and high productivity, fructification regularity, high quality and standardization of fruits. The highest growth of profitability is noted in a group of autumn apple-tree varieties - to 16,6% (Carmen), and in a group of winter varieties - to 24,8% (Granatovoe). In a group of early summer varieties the Rassvet variety on profitability level corresponds to a control variety of Geneva Erli, wich is the one of the best variety of this maturing term. The use for optimization of industrial assortment in the Northern Ossetia-Alania of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, will allow us to increase in economic efficiency of gardening branch and to improve an ecological situation in the region due to decrease in number of processings by means of plantings chemical protection.
The climate of the Astrakhan Region is sharply continental and on the degree of aridity it concedes only to the Central Asian deserts. Continentality is expressed in the contrast between hot summer and cold, windy and snowless winter. In this regard the research on an assessment and selection of perspective variety-rootstock's apple-tree combinations which are ecologically adapted for arid conditions are very actual direction. The assessment of winter hardiness and drought resistance of apple variety-rootstock's combinations under the conditions of the Astrakhan Region is presented in the article. Research was carried out with 27 combinations of an apple-tree on the rootstocks introduced and breeding of NCRRIH&V rootstocks. The studied varieties are Rennet Simirenco, Aydared, Melba. The complex assessment of hot and drought resistance was carried out by a technique of preliminary selection of perspective genotypes with ecological stability and biological value of fruits, a winter hardiness assessment - using a field method. In the course of field tests the difference between apple-tree varieties are determined by resistance to the damaging factors of a cold season. Rennet Simirenko was the most winter-hardy on all rootstocks: frost damage of annual shoots was made 0,1-0,8 points. The insignificant frost damage is noted at Melba on rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7, M 26, SK 2 (0,4-1,0 points). The weak frost damage is noted at Aydared on CK 3, CK 7, CK 5 (1,4-2,2 points). Rennet Simirenko on rootstocks of CK 5, CK 4, CK 7, M 4 had the highest resistance to a drought. The most optimal combination of hot and drought resistance is revealed for Rennet Simirenko on the rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7 and for Aydared on the rootstocks of CK 4, M 4.
The walnut assortment in the south of Russia needs improvement and addition varieties with grades with high adaptability to the volatile climate of region. One of aspects of breeding programs is existence of genetic resources with a wide range of economic and valuable traits. In the NCRRIH&V since 2012 the research work on mobilization of a gene pool of the sort Juglans for breeding is forced. According to the priorities in walnut breeding the work includes the foreign varieties and search of highly productive local forms. Work on selection of forms for an introduction was carried out in 2012-2015 in the territory of Krasnodar Region, and also in some other regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Volgograd, Ryazan and Tula regions. For primary assessment of productivity used such indicators as quantity of nuts in kg/tree and a visual assessment in points. As a result the collection of Institute was added with twenty varieties and forms allowing to increase in resistance of new walnut varieties to stressor and also to increase in productivity and quality of fruits. The perspective samples on the parameters, the most actual for breeding process, have been selected. The mobilized genetic resources can significantly add a walnut collection NCRRIH&V with such major traits as frost resistance, high productivity and resistance to pathogens of various origin. This material is certainly interesting to inclusion in the breeding process, and on this basis the new varieties combining the high productivity with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressor will be created.
In the southern regions of Russia where there is an active development of travel business, especially during a summer season, the demand for table grapes increases and the consumer market increases too. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and replenish the domestic industrial assortment by high-quality grapes varieties of table direction. It is presented in this article the results of the work of plants-breeders of the Anapa's Zone Experimental Station of Vine growing and Wine-making on creating, studying and introduction to production of the table grapes varieties adapted for local natural soil and climatic conditions of cultivation, differing of high indexes of productivity and quality. The carried out research allowed to give to the studied grapes varieties of Marinka and Muscat Ranniy a total characteristic on indicators of productivity, crop capacity and economic valuable qualitative parameters. The studied grapes varieties can be realized in the further breeding and genetic research as donors of productivity and high quality of berries. Especially the taste quality- muscat aroma of these varieties is noted. As a result of a multi-year study it is found that the Marinka variety can be attributed to the promising high-yielding varieties of middle term of ripening, with the increased resistance to fungal diseases. This variety has a strong muscat flavor. Grapes variety of Anapskiy Ranniy of early term of ripening and productive is characterized by high flavoring qualities and it has citron-muscat aroma. The studied grapes varieties of the table direction of Marinka and Muscat Ranniy can be realized in further breeding and genetic research as donors of productivity and high quality that is important at removal of new muscat grapes varieties. These varieties have a great importance as a valuable medical food product with high consumer properties.
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
The content of the metals cations which are the main part of mineral salts in a grapes mash depends on many factors. Mineral substances take a part directly in the process of wine formation and define in many respects its stability and organoleptic properties. However it is known that cations of potassium, calcium and magnesium can take a part in the various physical and chemical processes leading to formation of wine dimness. In vine growing, from the point of view of quality and quantity of a crop, the order of placement of grapes bushes and the optimal area of plants nutrition have a great value. The identification of change of cationic structure of white table wines from a grapes of Riesling depending on various schemes of landing (the areas of food of bushes) was the purpose of these research. We defined the cationic composition of wine materials by system of a capillary electrophoresis on the Capel 105M device. Organoleptic indicators of wine materials were defined by the tasting commission of Scientific center of wine-making according to GOST 32051-2013. Processing of grapes was carried out by the technology of white dry wines under the conditions of shop of micro wine-making of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture". It is established that agric and technical measures, namely the area of plants nutrition, differently influence the accumulation of natural components in wine materials and their organoleptic assessment. It is shown that at increase in the area of grapes nutrition the concentration of cations of metals increased in the produced wine materials. The smallest total accumulation of metals cations and the highest tasting assessment are noted in the wine materials made from Riesling grapes with the scheme of bushes planting 3×2.
The information on qualitative and quantitative cationic composition of wine materials for sparkling wines is very important as allows wine makers-technologists to pick up the schemes of necessary processings which carrying out guarantees stability of finished production and allows us to judge its safety. Under the conditions of the Republic of Crimea the influence on cationic composition of wine materials for pink and red sparkling wines of 2014 harvest of method of grapes processing and yeast race is studied. Determination of mass cations concentration of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and iron in the wine materials made from the studied grapes varieties which are grown up under the conditions of the Crimea has been carried out. It is established hat the cationic composition of wine materials for the sparkling wines produced from traditional, introduced and new grapes varieties of Magarach institute breeding, is typical for this kind of production. In the wine materials prepared on a red way, as a rule, more cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are collected. It is shown that the accurate dependence of wine materials cationic composition from yeast race used for preparation hasn't been established. All studied wine materials are suitable for preparation of sparkling wines, and they are a valuable source of mineral substances for the consumer. The information on cationic composition of the studied wine materials is the addition to information on typicalness of mineral composition of wine materials for sparkling wines of the Crimea. The wine materials produced from specified grapes varieties are suitable for preparation of sparkling wines which are a valuable source of the mineral substances useful to a human organizm.
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
It is known that the long cultivation of grapes culture on one the place leads to violation of the existing level of soil fertility because of alienation of part of plant production with a harvest and carrying out of nutrient elements by the phytomass of a bush. The level of fertility of the soil decreases, her water physical properties become worse, the expenses on the soil processing increase, the economic effect of cultivations decreases. Research are carried out under the conditions of Anapo-Tamansky agric-climatic zone of cultivation of grapes. Studying of technological processes of soil maintenance in the row-spacings of the fructifying vineyards was carried out according to the available references, patents and test reports. We have carried out the research on studying of ensuring level of soils with a humus on grapes plantings, and we used forest belts as control, for comparison and establishment of scales of lands degradation at a monoculture of grapes. The results of laboratory analyses have shown that the level of soils ensuring with a humus on the vineyards, cultivated in the monoculture mode, in the top soil layer lower than in the forest belts. Similar indicators in the most cases have occurred also in the soil layer of 25-50 cm. In this article the results of the analysis of the use of machines for mechaniza-tion of perennial plantings care at their cultivation on fallow system and sod-humus system are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of used cars are noted. To increase in degree of reproduction of soil fertility, it is recommended to develop a device for mowing improved cut shredder of plant mass. The aim is to improve process of rows copying of cultivated perennial plants and soil micro-relief by automatic tracking systems.
The technology of processing of the soil applied now on vineyards on system of black steam is followed by degradation of the soil, the natural process of reproduction of fertility is broken. For decrease in mechanical impact on the soil the biological and resource-saving ways of the maintenance of the soil of vineyards and the effective use of natural resources in productional process of grapes are offered. Merits and demerits of the existing technological processes and cars providing the reproduction of soil fertility are noted. The perspective way of the maintenance of row-spaces of grapes (patent No. 2459399 C1) allowing to eliminate the existing defects is offered: to decrease of mechanical load on the soil, its consolidation, to restore soil fertility. The biological system of the soil maintenance is its basis: the grassy plants sowed in grapes row-spaces remain on a root in adjacent to a soil surface state. So as don't prevent the vegetation of grapes, a grass is bended. The "pillow" formed thus from a continuous grass cover (a vegetative mulch) protects the soil from an overheat, keeps the soil moisture in a hot season, prevents a deep freezing of the soil in the winter, reduces wind and water erosion, deformation of the soil by cars and slows down a mineralization of organic substances. Involvement of organic weight provides the reproduction of water and physical properties and fertility of the soil. At such maintenance of the soil the productivity of grapes plantings increases, power and labor expenses decrease.
The results of complex agric and technological research of the soil maintenance of row-spaces of industrial vineyards of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The long-term technogenic impact on the soil of heavy machinery and toxic agric chemicals at traditional agric technology of grapes cultivation is noted. Changes of physical and chemical composition of the soil and its structure are shown. As a result its biologically active potential reduces. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides in the upper soil horizon is established. The obtained data confirm the proceeding process of biological degradation of the soil of long-term plantings. The purpose of our researches is to develop and improve the way of the soil maintenance of vineyards allowing to restore and stabilize the energy potential of agric orchards. Research were conducted in the vine-growing zones of the South of Kuban in the industrial plantings of a specialized farm. "Mirnyi" of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region. Objects of research is production planting of a technical grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon of 2004 landing, the scheme of planting of bushes - is 4×2 m. Ecological and toxicological monitoring of the soil of grapes plantings was carried out by the technique developed and patented (patent No. 2380888) by toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V. Definition of the pesticides remains in the soil and grapes was carried out by the approved techniques. The developed way of the soil maintenance is based on complex use of organic fertilizer at additional entering into the soil of effective microorganisms. Advantages of this way are the decrease in impurity of the soil toxic chemicals; the improvement of physical and chemical composition and structure of the soil; the increase in productivity of grapes on average by 13,3 %; the decrease in production costs of grapes cultivation by 2,6 %; an increase of net profit by 56,5 %.
Construction of plantings, forming of crown
In this work we have the purpose: to estimate the efficiency of use of resources of radiation and moisture in the ampelocenoses with different structure of plantings and architecture of plants. The article studies some physiological effects of plant productivity in vineyards with different plantation structure and plant architecture. It has been established that the receipt of photosynthetic active radiation under the conditions of South-ern Ukraine contents of 4,5-7,7 MJ/m2/day during vegetation. Depending of vineyard structure and plant architecture the absorption of photosynthetic active radiation is within the range from 33-59 GJ/ha/day; the use of water for transpire we concluded that the high values of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation's coefficient and coefficient of transpiration established in vineyards with surface of nutrition 3 x 1,25 m, especially on low horizontal cordon and Guyot bi-lateral. A method of evaluation of the arrival and the use of plants of photosynthetic active radiation allows us at relatively low labor expenses effort to identify the physiological criterions of grapes productivity and to reveal the efficiency of the productive process of ampelocenoses, including the use of the resources of radiation and water. The development of optimization criterions of radiation modes, depending on the factors of moisture will allow us at the stage of design decision, taking into account the varietal composition, the feeding area of plants, the formation of bushes and tendril, to create the ampelocenoses with maximum of efficiency of use of natural resources. Regulation of productivity of grapes plantations, on the basis of photometric characteristics of the crown of grapes plants will bring the yield capacity to potential opportunity of plants with the great efficiency.
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The modern protection of plants develops on the way of integration of various methods and means into uniform system for the purpose of fuller management of injuriousness of wreckers and diseases of fruit crops. In this regard the application of means of plants protection in such systems has to promote the considerable decrease in pesticidal load of the protected cultures with increase in efficiency of plantings. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the application of low-toxic drugs in the system of protection of plums and cherries from the dominant harmful objects that include the new and promising chemical and microbiological preparations, providing reduction of the negative impact of pesticides on the garden biocenosis. It is established that the application of the Cupid SP, and the Kurzat P, SP in the system of plum protection didn't oppress the processed trees, and biological efficiency of new low-toxic chemical fungicides has made 95-97%. At moderate spreading of clasterosporium (25-38%) the biological efficiency of a baksis has made 86-93%, a baktofit - 85-92%, a trihodermin - 82-87%. The efficiency of insecticides against a plum caterpillars has made 97,8-99,9%. The assessment of effect of biologically active agents and biological preparation has shown their high biological efficiency and has confirmed the existence of selective action of preparations. Also on their back-ground the natural complex of entomophages substantially remains. As a result, of research the rules have been developed on the basis of the application of low-toxic chemical and biological drugs to fight against Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev) Aderh.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. on plam, meeting the modern requirements.
Storage of fruits and berries production and grapes
Research purpose was studying of susceptibility to suntan of fruits of apple varieties various on resistance to a disease when their separate and joint storage in UA, MA and RA with 1-MMP processing and without one, the identification of objective biochemical indicators of the forecast of suntan development. Objects of research are the apple - fruits of Martovskoe, Bogatyr, Zhigulevskoe and others. The considered varieties differ on susceptibility degree to suntan. Biochemical research are carried out in the laboratory of Institute department of the postharvest technologies. Studying of influence of joint and separate storage of fruits with various susceptibility to suntan on their resistance to a disease under the conditions of OA and RA was carried out also in the basic farms of Institute. The influence of joint storage in OA, MA, RA of fruits of various apple-tree varieties on suntan development is established. Under the conditions of limited external air exchange (MA, RA) the excess accumulation of volatile compounds, including α-farnezen, stimulates the development of fruits suntan. The susceptible varieties, which initiate a suntan both at themselves, and at fruits of other varieties at joint storage, differ in higher intensity of biosynthesis of low-volatile compounds including α-farnezen. It is noted that the perspective direction of further research is studying of influence of the content of volatile compounds (including α- farnezen) not only in the fruits, but also in the atmosphere of storage, on development of physiological diseases (including suntan) of apple fruits and development of methods for removal of volatile compounds until the safe concentrations.
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
As the result of the intensive growth of greenhouse areas, the need in seeds of tomato hybrids corresponding to the demand of consumers is increased. Breeding scientistes of the company "Gavrish" are working for the creation and the assessment of large-fruited tomato hybrids with the complex of resistances to diseases and pests for the extended circulation. The main indexes determining the commodity quality of fruits are intensity and homogeneity of coloring, uniformity and mass of fruits as well. The objects of our research were the new tomato hybrids which were selected in the seed firm "Gavrish". As standards there were used the hybrid of russian breeding F1 Taganka and the hybrid of foreign breeding F1 Torrero. The following indexes - type of plant growth, leafing, load, type of inflorescence, mass of fruit (more 200 g), fruit color and form, yield capacity and etc, were taken into account for the research of large-fruited hybrids. The tomato firmness of fruits was measured by the classical penetrometer (Shor). The tomato firmness has a great significance at the transportation of products. The analysis of more perspective breeding material was carried out with the use of molecular-genetic methods on the presence of genes of resistance to Cf, TomVo0-2, Fol, For,Ol,Ve. Taking into account the results of phenological observations we came to a conclusion, that all tested hybrids of tomato, including the standards, on maturing terms are concern to middle-early ones (the time of ripening - from 100-115 days). The fruit-set fully depends on the successfully made process of pollination in every flower. The study of biological and morphological peculiarities of researched new large-fruited tomato hybrids allowed us to reveal the ecologically plastic, possessing the high potential productivity tomato hybrids.
Today the market of onion is presented with a large assortment of new quickly ripening varieties and hybrids F1. We carried out a test with the purpose to learn and estimate the new quickly ripening sorts of onion that most coveted by vegetable growers. The tests were carried out at the plot of variety study that is located at the breeding center "Gavrish" in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar Region in 2014-2015. The test was made in two replications. The spacing of plot registration is 10 m2. As the study subject were chosen the early ripening onion varieties (vegetation period is 100-105 days from sprouting till leaves lodgings). As a standard the early ripening hybrid F1 Centavr (breeding center "Gavrish"), Russia, was used. It is established that the most attractive appearance has the onion with brown color of dry glumes the Hybrids F1 Spanish medallion and F1 Centurion are marked by this index. For the mechanized cultivation we can use samples F1 Takmark having strong engagement and the the thick dry glumes and also samples of F1 Takstar, F1 Comandora and F1 Bonus with strong engagement and the glumes with middle thickness. Using such mark as weight we can separate out one sample of F1 Takmark that has the low the variability index, in other words the high uniformity (X=115,35,3 and CV =20,6%). As about crop yield the leaders are F1 Buffalo and F1 Camaro, their crop yield is 8,0 kg/m2 and 7,9 kg/m2. F1 Music is sweet, the general content of sugar is 6,2 %. Hybrids F1 Isi 30230 (11%), F1 Takstar (10,9%), F1 Takmark (10,5%), CRX 2313 (10%) have sharp flavor. High degree of safety have hybrids of F1 Takstar, F1 Bonus, F1 Takmark, F1 CRX 2313. Hybrid F1 Music also has high degree of safety despite of low content of sugar and thin glumes.
In this review the main physical and chemical, including sorption, properties of natural polymer of a chitozan and its application are reflected in the various areas of the industry. The chemical structure of chitin and a chitozan is given, the active centers are noted, the possible mechanisms of interaction of chitozan with chemical components of foodstuff, including the wine, are presented. The special attention is given to physical and chemical and electric properties of a chitozan. It is shown that the electric-cinetic potential of chitozan changes depending on active acidity of the environment. The data of a chitozan application are given in the various industry branches, including medicine, biotechnology, and the chemical and food industry. The use of chitozan in the food industry, as a thickener, a sorbent, a structure creater, a taste improver for production of products of dietary food, is offered. Much attention in the review is given to research of the possibility of chitozan application for processing of drinks, including the wine. It is offered to use a chitozan as means for regulation of wine acidity and stabilization of wine materials against protein and polyphenol and lipid dimness, as well as for prevention of metal kass, and sorption of micro organisms. It is shown that application of a chitozan in the beer industry as a food addition promotes the improvement of taste and foam-forming ability of beer. In the combination with bentonite, gelatin, silica gel, fish glue and other glue substances a chitozan is used for processing of kvass, beer, juice and the other non alcoholic drinks. Mech-anisms of interaction of a hitozan with proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenols of beer, wine, and kvass are given. Data on the sorption capacity of chitozan preparations are submitted. The clarification of communication of chemical structure and biological activity of a chitozan will allow us to create the substances keeping his properties and possessing of the new useful qualities.