Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The deliveries of pear fruits from abroad increase last time, therefore the problem of strengthening of local breeding on stability of pear varieties with improved flavoring and commodity qualities of fruits is urgent. The purpose of our research was the selection of new pear varieties with a complex of valuable signs for expansion of pear assortment in the Northern Caucasus. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety's study of pear in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. It is adduced the data on a damage rate of generative organs of plants by spring frosts and also it is selected the late blossoming varieties which are of interest to production and breeding use. It is shown that the Zolushka, the Lyuberskaya, the Malyshka, and elite 4-4-16 are high productive and they are recommended for industrial studying. The reaction of pear varieties on stressful conditions (drought) during forming and growth of fruits is adduced. The summer maturing varieties, which fruits don't react on high temperatures, develop well and slightly reduce the weight, are noted. The pear varieties with valuable indicators are selected and recommended for use in the breeding programs directed on creating of new varieties with the special signs. The short characteristic of the Malyshka and Assol pear varieties accepted in the State variety's testing is given. The promising pear varieties for industrial use in the South of Russia are recommended and these varieties will allow you to increase the orchards yield capacity for 14,2 % and to gain an additional income from fruits realization in the amount of 24,7 thousand rubles on hectare

Annotation

In the structure of the perennial orchards of the Stavropol Region the apple-tree occupies more than 80% of the space. For development of Region fruit growing branch the correct selection of high-yielding variety-rootstock's combinations allowing to get the big and stable apple yield has a special importance. In this regard under the conditions of Stavropol zone of unstable moistening the research have been carried out on economic and biological assessment of apple varieties of summer maturing of Redfri (control), Krasny Yantar, Fortuna and Shchedrost grafted on a semi-dwarf SK-2 rootstock. As a result of the carried-out measuring it is found that the most intensive increasing of trees trunk is noted for Fortuna and Shchedrost varieties, much exceeding this indicator of Redfri and Krasny Yantar � on 0,9 and 3,3 cm2 respectively. The productivity of Krasny Yantar and Fortuna varieties was at one level, and the level of productivity of their varieties less significantly of Redfri control indicator � on 0,6 t/hectare. The maximal yield capacity in the experience has been got in the orcards of Shchedrost apple-trees and it significantly more (on 0,7-1,3 t/hectare) than those of control and other apple varieties. In this work the different reaction of the studied apple varieties to soil climatic area conditions of the Georgevskiy District is shown. Under these conditions the Krasny Yantar and Fortuna apple varieties have had the productivity significantly smaller Redfri control � on 0,04-0,05 kg/cm2. The productivity indicator of Shchedrost apple variety didn't differ from values of control. The average weight of Krasny Yantar apple fruits was at the level of control in our experience and it is significantly less than those of Fortuna and Shchedrost apple varieties� by 15 g and 32 g respectively.

Annotation

Krasnodar territory � one of the main grapes growing regions in the Russian Federation. Optimization of vine cultivars� assortment in general and zonal assortments in accordance with the requirements of the time is the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The development of wine tourism in the Krasnodar Region requires the expansion of local breeding grapes varieties in the cultivated assortment of vines. This article describes the Alcor and the Antaris cultivars of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture breeding which are in the State variety testing. The harvest of these cultivars is used for high-quality red wine-making. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris have the increased resistance to major fungal diseases and tolerance to the root form of phylloxera, which allow to cultivate them in the own-rooted culture. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris were studied by us in a main area of grapes cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory � Temryuk Region, and they were compared with the popular recognized classic wine cultivar of Cabernet Sauvignon. The results of agric and biological estimation and tasting assessment of vine from cultivars� harvest were presented. The grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris of NCRRIH&V breeding exceed the control cultivar for yield, and the wine-tasting score of these varieties in different years corresponds to the tasting points of Cabernet Sauvignon or exceeds them. The presented data show that the grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris in the Temryuk zone of the Krasnodar Region may be worthy competitors for classical red wine cultivars and they can introduce the variety in the wine list offered by local producers.

Annotation

The adaptation to non-sterile conditions is a critical stage for the plants grown using the biotechnological methods on nutrient mediums. The adaptation of the grapes got in vitro method to natural conditions of the environment is of great importance for their production cultivation. Considering the importance of sanitation in vitro of various grapes varieties, the studying of effective adaptation methods of healthy plants to non-sterile conditions and identification of optimal terms of their growing before planting in the open ground is actually. The research were conducted in 2014-2015 on the basis of department of biotechnology of the Stavropol Research Institute of Agriculture, taking into account the recommendations on sanitation and micro clone reproduction. 10 table grapes varieties were the objects of research. As a result of carried out research the conditions and techniques allowing to considerably increase in survival of the healthy grapes plants are elaborated. It is shown that planting of plant from test-tube to a cube with IAA solution (0,2 mg/l) and the offered techniques of further plants growing have provided the high survival percent and a good shoot growth of grapes plants with well developed root system. The analysis of the obtained data has shown the high dependence of survival on a genotype's variety. Especially it was visually shown for Kodryanka and Monarch grapes, where the percent of survival was 51,5 and 92,0% when the identical term of adaptation. The cultivation period of healthy grapes plants from a meristem to soil planting is an average 334,1 days. Survival of plants on claydite in the box is 100%, after the wintering is 100% survival of saplings and their good development also have been noted.

Annotation

The purpose of these research is the definition of influence extent of manual and chemical rate setting of flowers and an ovary the harvest formation, commodity quality of fruits, the contents of biologically active substances in the fruits, and also the influence of that technique the formation of the assimilate and acquiring fruit surface of apple-tree under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The research were carried out in 2011-2015 in the apple-tree plantings of Minkar and Golden Delishes, on a M 9 rootstock, on the Scientific-production plot of the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening. Rate setting of trees load have included the manual thinning of flowers and an ovary, and also the chemical processing of an ovary by phytohormonal preparations (Arbolin, Gibberellin); the control group in the experience is the winter pruning of trees without rate setting. Accounting and observations in the experiments were made according to the standard techniques of research in the gardening. It is shown that the most essential increase in productivity of both studied apple varieties is reached when processing an ovary by Arbolin � 16,3 kg/tree; the group with trees processing by Gibberellin differs insignificantly on this indicator � 15,0 kg/tree. The largest mass of fruits is observed when thinning an ovary by Arbolin. It is established as a result of the carried out research that the most perspective from the tested techniques of rate setting according to a complex of indicators is the chemical thinning of an ovary by phytohormonal preparation of Arbolin. The use of this preparation increased in fruit formation and an assimilatory surface of apple-trees by 1,3-1,6 times, productivity � on 14 %, the fruits mass � on 24 %, output of fruits of the highest commodity grade has increased in 15 % and at the same time the share of second grade fruits has decreased 2,7 times. Profitability of this technique in our experiences is 299 %.

Annotation

The loading of grape bushes with a harvest must be carried out so that the most productive zone of grapes shoot could provide the largest level of realization of economic efficiency potential of varieties and high quality of grapes and wine production. The purpose of this work is to study the growth processes of grapes plants, and to determine the conformity of natural lows of placement of the most productive zone along shoot length and to optimize the regulation regime of growth functions and qualitative indicators of a harvest. The experimental research have been carried out under the very drought conditions of 2015 vegetation in the Black Sea agric and ecological viticulture area in the field stationary experiment. An object of our research is a Riesling Rhine technical grapes with the different scheme of bushes planting. In the course of work carrying out the unequal laying of grapes clusters along a shoot length of plant was found. The results of carried out research have shown that in years with the big deficit of an atmospheric precipitation and the bigger solar activity during vegetation the most productive area of shoot length of a grapes plant there was the fourth knot. In this zone of shoot the mass of grapes clusters was the greatest, but the smallest mass of clusters was on the second, first and fifth knots of shoot. On the other knots of shoots the grapes clusters were not observed. On the basis of the results of the field experiment we made the conclusion that for loading regulation of grapes bushes with a harvest it is recommended to leave on plants the most developed and large grapes clusters on the fourth shoot's knot and if it is necessary to remove the small and underdeveloped grapes clusters on the first and second knots of shoots.

Annotation

The purpose of research is to study the feature of growth, development and fructification of the Crystal grapes in the intensive orchards in case of various schemes of plants landing and ways of maintaining and forming of grapes bushes. The relevance of our work is to study the manifestation of the main agric and biological signs of grapes when the studied agric methods are using. The research were conducted on the grafted vineyards of the Cristal grapes on Cober 5 BB placed in the Novocherkassk District of the Rostov Region. Agric-biological accounting and observations are carried out using the well known technique of agric-technical research. It is shown that the long vines pruning with big formation of bushes has led to restriction of vines selection for the harvest of the current year. On bushes with smaller gabitusa, when dense scheme of landing the choice range of vines for the harvest widens and it significantly reflects in the indicators of shoots productivity. It is found that the highest indicators of load in the grapes orchards of the Crystal variety with bushes form as a small pan in case of 3,0�0,5 scheme of landing. In case of increase in a distance between bushes to 1,5 m, the load standard decreases in 1,5-2 times. The bushes in case of rare landing were more productive, but productivity of orchards in general, on the contrary, was higher in case of the dense scheme of plants landing. The good ability of sugar capacity of the Crystal grapes is noted even in case of the maximal productivity (18,0 t/hectare), the essential decrease in the berries juice of sugar content did not occur. The highest output per man and productivity of vineyards are noted on the middle trunk small pan type formations with plant landing dense (3,0x0,5 m).

Annotation

Now adays the increase in fruits production depends on application of advance technological methods, effective system of fruit-trees fertilizer and material and technical resources. The solution of the problem of increase in efficiency of fertilizer of pome crops providing the development of rational elements of fertilizer systems on the example of an apple-tree and assessment of expediency of their application in the intensive fruit plantings in the South of Ukraine was the purpose of this work. The research are carried out at the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening named after M. F. Sidorenko on the basis of long field experiments (2003-2014). The influence of various doses, terms, ways, forms and ratios of micro and macro fertilizers on the nutritious mode of the soil, and also on physiological and biochemical and productional processes of apple-tree plants was studied. The yield count in experiences was carried out by a weight method according to instructions of Institute of gardening of Ukraine. The economic efficiency of fertilizers use was calculated according to technological charts and the certain recommendations, taking into consideration the actual expenses of production. The results of the long-term research carried out by us have shown the defining role of mineral fertilizers in increase in productivity of intensive pome orchards in the South of Ukraine. It is established that the use of fertilizers which doses are calculated on the basis of data of leaf diagnostics, and also a combination of soil nutrition with foliar top dressing are effective. Observance of these conditions provides a harvest increase at the level of 3-6 t/hectare and decrease in expenses of fertilizers by 25-60 % that compensates an excess of material and labor input on carrying out of these agric technique under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine the annual plant saplings do not always provide the necessary quality indicators. One of the main reason of crown lack of plants is a weak biological ability to branch forming on the most varieties. The research (2013-2015) were carried out in the second nursery field "EF "Melitopol" according to the standard techniques using in the gardening. It is tested in the experience the efficiency of influence on branch forming of plum saplings of various concentration of Arbolin (1,5-3,5% or 15-35 ml for 1 litre of water) taking into account the nipping height of apical leaves of the central shoot (50-60; 70-80 cm). The research objects are the plum saplings of Sentyabr'skaya and the Oda with low ability to forming of branches. Assessment of efficiency of crown forming of plants, depending on the chosen regulations, was determined using the standard techniques of research in the horticulture. The greatest efficiency of crown forming of plum saplings when using 3,0 %-3,5 % concentration of preparation is established. Optimal height of top leaves nipping is 50-60 cm for the strongly growing varieties with more acute angles of deviation and 70-80 cm for the weakly growing varieties with wide angles of deviation. The plum saplings processed by arbolin of different concentration were below control group on average for 11,5-17,9%, irrespective of height of their nipping. No trunk width change was observed in the test varieties. The growth intensity of saplings in the experience substantially depended on potential capacity of varieties. The determination was made about positive influence of the selected stimulation regiments of plants branching on biological productivity and force of growth and output of standard annual plum saplings.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the research of the physiological effect of stimulant influence on the morphometric parameters of the introduced promising ornamental types under the Southern Ural condi-tions. The research have shown the expediency of using of Zircon and Ribav-Extra preparations as rooting stimulants of green cuttings of studied ornamental species. After treatment of green cuttings before planting the output of standard sapling of Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' was within 73,9-78,9 %, the output of Cotoneaster lucidus sapling was 65,8-76,0%. The highest percentage of cuttings with an extensive root system was observed with Zircon using. Output of standard Rosa rugosa sapling is 96,5%, the output of Potentilla alba � 88,4% and Aronia melanocarpa sapling output is 72,5%. The research of seasonal development of uterine plants allow you to determine the periods of the most intense metabolic activity and the enzymes activation, as well as the optimal term of green cutting under the conditions of Southern Ural (on the of the Orenburg Region). Based on degree of rooting capability 2 groups of species were identified: easy rooting group (Rosa rugosa, Potentilla alba, Ber-beris thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' � root formation occurs at the same time, accompanied by the active energy of the buds awakening and shoots growing) and a group having an average degree of rooting (Aronia melanocarpa , Cotoneaster lucidus � root formation has a longer period, shoot growth is less active than that in the first group). Based on the study of stimulants effect on morphological indicators of introduced promising species of ornamental plants it was proved that the stimulants of Zircon and Ribav-Extra have had a positive effect on the rooting, growth, development and quality of sapling of ornamental species.

Annotation

The results of agrical and chemical monitoring of the sod-carbonate soil under the fructifying grapes orchards of Merlot in the conditions of the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. During the period from 2009 to 2015 in the soil at a depth up to 120 cm (through each 30 cm) it is studied the dynamics and parameters of maintenance of mobile forms of macro and micro minerals and harmful salts (chlorides and sulfates) and the range of �� values are analyzed. The relevance of the research is caused by of development of the effective differentiated, resource-saving, ecologically safe system of use of vineyards fertilizers, and also by need of identification of the factors which are limiting the stability of ampelocenoses and negatively influencing the quality indicators of a harvest. The quantitative results of monitoring in interrelation with dynamics of efficiency of grapes productivity give an idea about regularities of plants behavior in the concrete soil climatic conditions and allow us to create the theoretical designs of productional process. The considerable variation of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also the low content of nitrogen and the increased content of manganese are established. The amount of chlorides in the soil didn't exceed the admissible values. The soil plots with excess of average content of sulfates in the soil are revealed. The carried out agric and biological measuring has allowed to define the influence of agric and chemical indicators of the experimental plot activity of productional processes of grapes plants. The number of shoots per one bush on experimental plants in average during observation period was 21-26, the number of fruitful shoots per 1 bush � 16-23, the number of inflorescences was 27-31. The coefficient of fructification (K1) at the same time was 0,76-0,91, and coefficient of fruitfulness (K2) was 1,08-1,29.

Annotation

The results of the research on the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot in the vine plantations of different varieties under the conditions of the Lower Don are presented. It is noted that the white rot in the vineyards of the Rostov Region was not a common disease, so it was not studied enough. Since 2010, there has been a trend of increasing in the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot. In our opinion, the reasons for this were the accumulation of pathogen infection, climate change and the processes occurring in the biology of the pathogen, its high flexibility and adaptability to environmental conditions and the presence of susceptible varieties. Intense lose of berries is observed due to various damages: hailstorm, mechanical injuries, insects, diseases; sunburn and due to insufficient agronomic activities. In the case of optimal conditions for germination of the fungus spores the berries may be affected even through the intact tissue. Under the particularly favorable conditions for the pathogen the large crop losses up to 50 % or more may occur. We have found that the development of white rot in the agro-climatic zone of the Lower Pre Don is observed in the berries only, and the appearance of symptoms of the disease depends directly on the phase of development of the grapes � from the end of berry's growth to the start of its softening. The appearance of the first signs of berries� infection, depending on weather conditions of the year, was noted usually during the second or third decade of July � the most favorable conditions for the pathogen. In recent years, the harmfulness of white rot increases due to increase of insects that damage plants and due to increase in the quantity of insects in the vineyards of the Lower Don.

Annotation

The article presents the results of a study of growth vigor and yield capacity of sweet cherry varieties and hybrids of Belarusian breeding on clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy. The studying of biometric features of trees growth, allows you to select the varieties with restrained growth for the compact orchards and to create an optimal system of cultivation of specific varieties. As a result of study it is found that the clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy influence on reducing of growth vigor of grafted varieties and hybrids of sweet cherry taking into account the index of cross sectional area of the trunk. It was revealed that a cherry hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 has a smallest growth vigor � 115 cm2 of the trunk section area. The Syubarovskaya on the wild cherry has the yield capacity by 39,2 t/ha and the trees of this variety on the VSL-2 have a yield capacity by 20,2 t/ha. The highest index of crown productivity is noted for the Syubarovskaya on the Izmailovskiy rootstock and for a hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 � 0,23 and 0,24 kg/cm2 respectively. The effect of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy clonal rootstocks on the formation of small compact crown of grafted sweet cherry trees is found. The trees of Naslazhdeniye on the VSL-2 have the smallest area of crown projection � 4 m2 and the crown volume � 6,7 m3, as well as the largest index of crown volume productivity � 2,9 kg/m3. It was found that the sweet cherry varieties of Medunitsa, Naslazhdeniye and a hybrid of 15/112 grafted on the wild cherries seedlings have genetically determined weak growth of the trees. The Medunitsa sweet cherry realizes most fully a genetic potential of the compact and small crown, and also this variety has the high productivity index of volume crown function of grafted trees.

Annotation

The systems of trees protection against harmful objects (from 14 to 18 processings during the season) are the obligatory element of intensive technologies of an apple-tree cultivation. Pesticides are used more intensively in the apple-tree gardens of winter maturing which fruits are intended for a long storage. The new knowledge of dynamics of accumulation macro- and microelements in the "soil-plant-fruits" system is necessary for development of ecologically safe agric-technological methods of fruit crops cultivation in the modern gardening. The research are carried out in an industrial apple-tree garden of intensive type on the chernozem leached from 2009 to 2011 at different systems of garden maintenance. For determination of minerals quantity, in-cluding heavy metals, in the soil and apple-tree plants, the methodical instructions for definition of heavy metals in the soil and crop production are used. In the soil of apple-tree garden cultivated using the intensive technologies the high content of mobile compounds of copper, exceeding threshold limit concentrations by 1,5-2 times and direct impact of pesticides on the content of mobile zinc in the soil, leaves and fruits of an apple-tree are found. The preservation of fertility of the chernozem leached and restriction of migration of copper mobile forms in a garden ecosystem under the conditions of the central subzone of gardening of Krasnodar Region requires the replenishment of soil by organic substance not less than 20 t/hectare and not rarely than once in three years. For prevention of surplus accumulation of copper and zinc in the "soil-plant-fruits" system when cultivation of an apple-tree using the intensive technologies it is necessary to reduce the frequency rate of processings by preparations containing copper and zinc and to replace them less dangerous ones.

Annotation

In the article it is noted that cultivation and introduction in the production of the Don native grapes varieties in the territory of Krasnodar Region will give the chance to make from them the high-quality and unique wines, and also will provide the increase in interest of producers in vine growing and wine-making branch. The objects of our research the wine materials from the following grapes varieties have been used: Bessergenevsky No. 7, Sibirkovy, Varyushkin, Granatovy, Muscat Hamburg. Processing of grapes raw for receiving of wine materials was carried out in 2015 in the shop of micro wine-making of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Vitisculture. During the research the analyses of the physical and the chemical composition of the wine materials prepared from above-mentioned grapes varieties have been carried out using the method of a capillary electrophoresis in the laboratory of "Wine-making" Center a nd in the Center of collective use of NCRRIH&V with use of Capel-105 device. When the analyses are carrying out the standard techniques, and also the techniques developed by employees of NCRRIH&V were applied. The con-tent of organic acids and cations of metals in the samples from the studied grapes varieties is determined. The carried out analysis has shown that the greatest quantity of wine acid contains in the samples from grapes of Bessergenevsky No. 7. As a result of study of cationic composition of wine materials it is revealed that the researched samples have the high content of potassium (528,3-1811 mg/dm3) that is coordinated with literary information. All samples presented in a research have a harmonious taste, they have also the positive reviews and the high tasting assessment of experts-tasters of NCRRIH&V. It gives the grounds to recommend the grapes varieties studied by us for production of qualitative wine materials and wines.